{"id":88,"date":"2013-04-22T17:36:52","date_gmt":"2013-04-22T14:36:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=88"},"modified":"2013-04-25T17:54:06","modified_gmt":"2013-04-25T14:54:06","slug":"kasgarli-mahmut-1008-1075","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=88","title":{"rendered":"Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut (1008 – 1075)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Ka\u015fgarl\u0131<\/a><\/p>\n

Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut \u0130slamiyet’in kabul\u00fcnden sonraki T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ilk temsilcisidir. T\u00fcrk dilinin, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc K\u00e2\u015fgar’da do\u011fdu.<\/p>\n

Saciye ve Hamidiye Medreseleri’nde tahsil g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra kendisini T\u00fcrk dili incelemelerine adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la Orta Asya’y\u0131 boydan boya kat ederek Anadolu’ya oradan da Ba\u011fdat’a gitmi\u015ftir. 1072-1073 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fhur kitab\u0131n\u0131 (Divan-\u0131 l\u00fcgat-it T\u00fcrk) Abbasi halifesine arma\u011fan etmi\u015ftir. Kitab\u0131n as\u0131l n\u00fcshas\u0131 bug\u00fcn Ayasofya M\u00fczesi’nde muhafaza ediliyor. Kitab\u0131n Uygurca \u00e7evirisi ancak 1978’de yap\u0131labilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud’un “T\u00fcrk Dillerinin Gramatik \u0130ncelemesi” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 ba\u015fka bir kitab\u0131n\u0131n daha oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir. Divan\u0131 L\u00fcgatit T\u00fcrk’\u00fcn 3. cildinde bu kitab\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunurmu\u015f. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu kitab\u0131n ne asl\u0131 ne de kopyalar\u0131 bug\u00fcne dek bulunamam\u0131\u015f. T\u00fcrklerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fehirleri, k\u00f6yleri, obalar\u0131 bir bir dola\u015farak haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zl\u00fck, \u0130sl\u00e2miyet’ten \u00f6nceki s\u00f6zl\u00fc edebiyat\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatan dev bireserdir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f amac\u0131, Araplara T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’yi \u00f6\u011fretmekten \u00e7ok, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin Arap\u00e7a ile ko\u015fu atlar\u0131 gibi yar\u0131\u015f edebilece\u011fini, T\u00fcrk dilinin zenginli\u011fini, her duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi anlatmaya elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu ispat etmektir.
\nK\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, iyi sil\u00e2h kullanan bir asker olmakla beraber, dilimizi, ulusal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc, yurt sevgisini her \u015feyin \u00fcst\u00fcnde g\u00f6ren ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck dil bilginimizdir. Kitab\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ns\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u015fu ilgi \u00e7ekici t\u00fcmceleri okumaktay\u0131z :
\n“T\u00fcrk’\u00fcn, T\u00fcrkmen’in, O\u011fuz’un, \u00c7igil’in, Yagma’\u0131n, K\u0131rg\u0131z’\u0131n lisanlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kafiyelerini tamimiyle zihnimde nak\u015fettim. Bu hususta o kadar ileri gittim ki, her taifenin leh\u00e7esi bence en m\u00fckemmel surette elde edilmi\u015f oldu… T\u00fcrk dili ile Arab dilinin at ba\u015f\u0131 beraber y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fckleri bilinsin diye…”<\/p>\n

“T\u00fcrk S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Divan\u0131” anlam\u0131na gelen K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131’n\u0131n bu eseri, yaln\u0131z bir s\u00f6zl\u00fck de\u011fil; \u0130sl\u00e2miyet \u00f6ncesi T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131, tarihini, co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131, folklorunu, mitolojisini ayd\u0131nlatan ansiklopedik bir eserdir. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere, XI. y\u00fczy\u0131l hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkelerinde T\u00fcrklerin egemen oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemdir. Karahanl\u0131lar devletinin, \u00f6zellikle B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uk \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun askerlik\u00e7e ve uygarl\u0131k\u00e7a en parlak zaman\u0131 bu d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisindedir. O tarihlerde T\u00fcrklerin egemenli\u011findeki uluslar T\u00fcrk dilini \u00f6\u011frenmek ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 duyuyorlard\u0131. Divan-\u0131 L\u00fcgat-it-T\u00fcrk i\u015fte bu maksatla, yani yabanc\u0131lara T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’yi \u00f6\u011fretmek amac\u0131yla 1073 -1077 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat’ta yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir s\u00f6zl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Eser, T\u00fcrk dilini Araplara tan\u0131tmak maksad\u0131yla yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Arap\u00e7a olarak kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7inde pek \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk\u00e7e deyim, \u015fiir, atas\u00f6z\u00fc yer almaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kuvvet, g\u00fc\u00e7, kudret anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bize ilk bildiren Ka\u015fg\u00e2rl\u0131 Mahmut’tur .<\/p>\n

Divan-\u0131 L\u00fcgat-it-T\u00fcrk’teki s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin anlamlar\u0131 Arap\u00e7a olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e 7500 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Arap\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 verilirken, sav denilen \u00e2tas\u00f6zleri, sagu denilen a\u011f\u0131tlar, ko\u015fuk denilen \u015fiirler ve destan par\u00e7alar\u0131 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle ilgili bol bol seci, mesel, hikmet, \u015fiir, efsane; tarih, co\u011frafya; halk edebiyat\u0131 folklor bilgi ve \u00f6rnekleri verilmi\u015f; dilbilgisi kurallar\u0131 ortaya konulmu\u015f; T\u00fcrkoloji’nin sa\u011flam temelleri at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. T\u00fcrkologlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc : “G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 ile Divan-\u0131 L\u00fcgat-it-T\u00fcrk’\u00fcn bulunu\u015fu T\u00fcrkl\u00fck i\u00e7in tasavvur edilemeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck kazan\u00e7 olmu\u015ftur.”
\nDiv\u00e2n-\u0131 L\u00fcgati’t T\u00fcrk, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’nin neden \u00f6\u011frenilmesi gerekti\u011fini \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r:
\n“Ant i\u00e7erek s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum, ben Buhara’n\u0131n, s\u00f6z\u00fcne g\u00fcvenilir imamlar\u0131n\u0131n birinden ve ba\u015fkaca Ni\u015faburlu bir imamdan i\u015fittim. \u0130kisi de senetleri ile bildiriyorlar ki, Yalvac\u0131m\u0131z (Peygamber), k\u0131yamet belgelerine, ahir zaman kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u0131rada T\u00fcrk dilini \u00f6\u011freniniz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc onlar i\u00e7in uzun s\u00fcrecek egemenlik vard\u0131r buyurmu\u015ftu. Bu s\u00f6z (hadis) do\u011fru ise sorgular\u0131 kendilerinin \u00fczerine olsun T\u00fcrk dilini \u00f6\u011frenmek \u00e7ok gerekli bir i\u015f olur. Bu do\u011fru de\u011fil ise ak\u0131l bunu emreder. Tanr\u0131, T\u00fcrk bur\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fckseltmi\u015f ve onlar\u0131n m\u00fclkleri \u00fczerinde felekleri d\u00f6nd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tanr\u0131 onlara T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcne ilbay k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hakanlar\u0131 onlardan \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00fcnya uluslar\u0131n\u0131n yularlar\u0131n onlar eline vermi\u015f, herkese \u00fcst\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlarla birlikte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 aziz k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrkler onlar\u0131 her dileklerine ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, k\u00f6t\u00fclerin \u015ferrinden korumu\u015ftur. Onlara hedef olmaktan korunabilmek i\u00e7in, akl\u0131 olana d\u00fc\u015fen \u015fey, onlar\u0131n yolunu tutmak, derdini dinletebilmek g\u00f6n\u00fcllerini alabilmek i\u00e7in dilleriyle konu\u015fmakt\u0131r.”<\/p>\n

G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, vatansever, T\u00fcrklere hayran, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fe y\u00fcrekten inanan bir bilim adam\u0131d\u0131r. Div\u00e2n daha sonralar\u0131 pek\u00e7ok bilim adam\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Antepli Ayn\u00ee diye bilinen Bedreddin Mahmud, \u0130kd\u00fc’l-Cum\u00e2n f\u00ee Tarihi Ehli’z-Zam\u00e2n’da ve Katip \u00c7elebi Ke\u015ff\u00fc’z-Z\u00fbnun’da Div\u00e2n’dan s\u00f6z ederler. Ancak sonradan y\u0131llarca unutulmu\u015f, neden sonra \u0130stanbul’da Ali Emiri’nin (1857-1923) eline ge\u00e7en S\u00e2v\u00ee’nin nushas\u0131 Sadrazam Tal’at Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n (1874-1921) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Kilisli R\u0131fat Bilge’nin (1873-1953) g\u00f6zetiminde bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya T\u00fcrkologlar\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.
\nDiv\u00e2n Bat\u0131da ilgi uyand\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda C. Brochkelmann Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u00fczerinde ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dankoff ‘un Div\u00e2n\u00fc Lug\u00e2t-it T\u00fcrk \u00e7evirisi ile James Kelly’nin makaleleri de son \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar olarak s\u00f6zkonusu edilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n

Divani Lugat-it T\u00fcrk’\u00fcn bilinen tek n\u00fcshas\u0131 \u0130stanbul’dad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Divandan (T\u00fcrkiye T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’siyle)<\/p>\n

Atas\u00f6zleri:
\nBe\u015f parmak d\u00fcz olmaz.
\nArpas\u0131z at ko\u015famaz\/ Arkas\u0131z kahraman \u00e7eriyi bozamaz
\nAlplarla vuru\u015fma\/Beylerle duru\u015fma.<\/p>\n

\u015eiir:
\nT\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7i\u00e7ekler a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131
\nSanki ipekten d\u00f6\u015fe\u011fim serildi
\nCennet yeri belirdi
\nSo\u011fuk tekrar gelecek de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n

Ku\u015f, kurt hepsi canland\u0131
\nDi\u015fi, erkek hep topland\u0131
\nB\u00f6l\u00fck olup da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131lar
\nArt\u0131k ine girecek de\u011filler.<\/p>\n

Onbirinci Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud’un \u00c7izdi\u011fi D\u00fcnya Haritas\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeleri g\u00f6stermek amac\u0131yla \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Daire \u015feklinde olan haritan\u0131n \u00e7evresinde Do\u011fu, Bat\u0131, Kuzey, G\u00fcney y\u00f6nleri belirtilmi\u015f, baz\u0131 deniz ve \u0131rmaklar g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Bat\u0131da i\u015faret edilen yerler \u0130til boylar\u0131na, yani K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n ve Frenklerin oturduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere kadar uzan\u0131r. G\u00fcney-Bat\u0131da Habe\u015fistan’a , G\u00fcneyde Hint, Sint, Do\u011fuda \u00c7in ve Japonya’ya i\u015faret edilmi\u015ftir. Ortada Yarkent, Ka\u015fgar, Barsgan, Balasagun, Yifru\u00e7, \u0130ki\u00f6k\u00fcz, Asbu\u00e2li, Kumri, Talas v.s. gibi daha bir\u00e7ok T\u00fcrk kentleri yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yukarda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, ilk Japon haritas\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk taraf\u0131ndan 14.y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7izilmi\u015f, bir D\u00fcnya haritas\u0131nda yer almas\u0131 ise,15.y\u00fczy\u0131lda olmu\u015ftur. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda, bir plan bi\u00e7iminde de olsa, yanl\u0131\u015flarla dolu da olsa ilk Japon haritas\u0131n\u0131n 11.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7izildi\u011fi bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut \u0130slamiyet’in kabul\u00fcnden sonraki T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin ilk temsilcisidir. T\u00fcrk dilinin, T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011finin en b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00f6zc\u00fcs\u00fc K\u00e2\u015fgar’da do\u011fdu. Saciye ve Hamidiye Medreseleri’nde tahsil g\u00f6rd\u00fckten sonra kendisini T\u00fcrk dili incelemelerine adam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ama\u00e7la Orta Asya’y\u0131 boydan boya kat ederek Anadolu’ya oradan da Ba\u011fdat’a gitmi\u015ftir. 1072-1073 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fhur kitab\u0131n\u0131 (Divan-\u0131 l\u00fcgat-it T\u00fcrk) Abbasi halifesine arma\u011fan […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-88","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel","category-bilginler"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=88"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":274,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/88\/revisions\/274"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=88"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=88"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=88"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}