{"id":465,"date":"2016-03-12T20:09:09","date_gmt":"2016-03-12T18:09:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=465"},"modified":"2016-03-12T20:09:09","modified_gmt":"2016-03-12T18:09:09","slug":"kuresel-enerji-politikalari-ve-turkiye","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=465","title":{"rendered":"K\u00fcresel Enerji Politikalar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye"},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u00fcresel Enerji Politikalar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\"petrol\"<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc – 04 \u015eubat 2010<\/p>\n

Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. H. Naci Bayra\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

\u00dclkelerin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmalar\u0131nda zorunlu olan temel girdilerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, enerji kaynaklar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerji politikalar\u0131, arz g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve temin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kullan\u0131lmak istenen enerji t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli, talep edilen miktar ve kalitede topluma arz edilmesini hedeflemektedir.<\/p>\n

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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnya toplam enerji \u00fcretiminin y\u00fczde 87\u2019lik pay\u0131 fosil yak\u0131tlar, y\u00fczde 6\u2019s\u0131 yenilenebilir kaynaklar, y\u00fczde 7\u2019si ise n\u00fckleer enerji taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fcnya elektrik enerjisi \u00fcretiminin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 64.5\u2019ini fosil kaynaklar (y\u00fczde 38.7 k\u00f6m\u00fcr, y\u00fczde 18.3 do\u011fal gaz, y\u00fczde 7.5 petrol) ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir (BP, 2008).<\/p>\n

\n

Teknolojinin bug\u00fcnk\u00fc d\u00fczeyi ve yap\u0131lan tahminler do\u011frultusunda, gelecek 30 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde de, d\u00fcnya genel enerji talebinin y\u00fczde 88\u2019i gibi \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn fosil kaynaklar taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir. K\u00fcresel enerji politikalar\u0131, fosil yak\u0131tlar ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak da, petrol ve do\u011fal gaz taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

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\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada ele al\u0131nan petrol ve do\u011fal gazda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan k\u00fcresel akt\u00f6rlerin, ekonomilerindeki geli\u015fmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak gelecekteki enerji talepleri s\u00fcrekli artaca\u011f\u0131ndan, ta\u015f\u0131ma yollar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc ABD gibi s\u00fcper, \u00c7in ve Hindistan gibi y\u00fckselen g\u00fc\u00e7lerin, Rusya ve T\u00fcrkiye gibi b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan ulusal g\u00fcvenlik sorunu olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu nedenle petrol ve do\u011fal gaz arz\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda, Orta Do\u011fu ve Orta Asya-Hazar B\u00f6lgeleri k\u00fcresel ve b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. ABD\u2019nin Enerji Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    D\u00fcnya ekonomisinde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen enerji m\u00fccadelesinin en \u00f6nemli akt\u00f6rlerinden birisi ABD\u2019dir. D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck ekonomisine ve geli\u015fmi\u015f sanayisine sahip olan ABD, her y\u0131l ciddi oranda artan bir enerji t\u00fcketimine sahiptir. Bu nedenle ABD\u2019nin enerji nas\u0131l elde edece\u011fi, \u00fclkenin gelece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fcvenlik sorunu olarak ele al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    \n

    ABD, k\u00fcresel petrol t\u00fcketiminin y\u00fczde 25\u2019ini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekte, petrol\u00fcn ithalat\u0131 i\u00e7indeki ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131 2006 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki y\u00fczde 54\u2019l\u00fck seviyesinden, 2025 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczde 70\u2019e y\u00fckselmesi beklenmektedir. ABD\u2019nin halen g\u00fcnl\u00fck 75 milyon varil olan petrol t\u00fcketiminin 2010\u2019lu y\u0131llarda 95 milyon varile ve 2020\u2019lerde ise, 115 milyon varile artaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir (\u00dc\u015f\u00fcmezsoy ve \u015een, 2003, 214).<\/p>\n

    \n

    ABD\u2019deki petrol t\u00fcketiminin y\u00fczde 67.8 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ula\u015f\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin petrole olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 yan\u0131, bu \u00fclkede yayg\u0131n olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve b\u00fcy\u00fck otomobil kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n, \u201cAmerikan Ya\u015fam Tarz\u0131\u201d\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir simgesi olmas\u0131d\u0131r (\u00dc\u015f\u00fcmezsoy, 2006, 47).<\/p>\n

    \n

    ABD ihtiyac\u0131 olan enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 kesintisiz, ucuz, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan ve g\u00fcvenli yollardan sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc politikalar geli\u015ftirmektedir. ABD, d\u00fcnya petrol rezervlerinin y\u00fczde 65\u2019ini elinde bulunduran K\u00f6rfez \u00dclkelerinin, kendi petrol ithalat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Orta Do\u011fu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fcnya piyasas\u0131na arz\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 olan Basra K\u00f6rfezinin kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in, askeri g\u00fcce dayal\u0131 bir politika uygulayarak 1. K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015f\u0131, Afganistan\u2019a m\u00fcdahale ve Irak\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgalini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir (Bayra\u00e7-Aras, 2007, 588).<\/p>\n

    \n

    ABD, Basra K\u00f6rfeziyle birlikte ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 konu\u015flanma stratejisini, petrol ve do\u011fal gaz ticaret yollar\u0131na uygun bi\u00e7imde yaymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu amaca y\u00f6nelik olarak, gerek Orta Do\u011fu ve gerekse Orta Asya\u2013Hazar B\u00f6lgelerinde askeri \u00fcsler olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik b\u00f6yle bir politikay\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren, ABD\u2019nin bir di\u011fer amac\u0131 da \u00c7in, Hindistan ve AB gibi, gelecekteki olas\u0131 rakiplerinin, b\u00f6lge kaynaklara eri\u015fimini de kendi kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na alabilmektir.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. AB\u2019nin Enerji Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      AB enerji politikas\u0131n\u0131n genelde, \u00fc\u00e7 temel amac\u0131 mevcuttur. Bunlar, rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fc, enerji arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131d\u0131r (Harrop, 2000, 185). Bu ama\u00e7lar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirken, toplam enerji t\u00fcketiminde k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn pay\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak, do\u011falgaz\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak, n\u00fckleer enerji santrallar\u0131 i\u00e7in azami g\u00fcvenlik \u015fartlar\u0131 tesis etmek ve yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n pay\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmak hedeflenmektedir.<\/p>\n

      \n

      K\u00fcresel enerji t\u00fcketiminin y\u00fczde 16\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren AB\u2019de, gerek petrol ve gerekse do\u011fal gaz a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck oranlarda d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir. AB\u2019nin yerli kaynaklar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r ve enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ithalat yoluyla ile kar\u015f\u0131lamaktad\u0131r. Petrolde y\u00fczde 80.2 olan ithalat ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131, do\u011fal gazda y\u00fczde 54.5, k\u00f6m\u00fcrde ise y\u00fczde 38.2 d\u00fczeyindedir (EuropeanCommission, 2006a).<\/p>\n

      \n

      AB toplam petrol ithalat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 45\u2019ini Orta Do\u011fu\u2019dan, do\u011fal gaz ithalat\u0131n\u0131n ise, y\u00fczde 48\u2019i Rusya Federasyonu, y\u00fczde 22\u2019i Norve\u00e7 ve y\u00fczde 27\u2019i Cezayir\u2019den ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir (G\u00f6n\u00fcl, 2003, 151). \u0130ngiltere, Danimarka ve Hollanda\u2019daki do\u011falgaz rezervlerinin yetersizli\u011fine ek olarak, Kuzey Denizindeki petrol rezervlerinin de en ge\u00e7 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda t\u00fckenece\u011fi tahmin edildi\u011finden, birlik gelecekte d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya daha fazla ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelecektir (Altun\u0131\u015f\u0131k, 2004, 152).<\/p>\n

      \n

      AB\u2019nin d\u0131\u015f enerji kaynaklar\u0131na olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n giderek artmas\u0131 ve bu kaynaklar\u0131n kesintisiz olarak Avrupa pazar\u0131na ula\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, Orta Do\u011fu, Hazar B\u00f6lgesi ve Rusya gibi ana \u00fcreticiler ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiye girilmi\u015ftir. Avrupa\u2019da y\u0131lda t\u00fcketilen yakla\u015f\u0131k 600 milyon ton petrol\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Rusya, Cezayir, Libya, \u0130ran, Norve\u00e7 (Kuzey Denizi) gibi \u00fclkelerden kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktad\u0131r. Avrupa petrole olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in Rusya, \u0130ran, Kuzey Afrika gibi \u00fclkelerle olan ili\u015fkilerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r (\u00dc\u015f\u00fcmezsoy, 2006, 15).<\/p>\n

      \n

      AB enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirebilmek, rekabet\u00e7ili\u011fini artt\u0131rmak ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla, tek bir Avrasya enerji pazar\u0131 olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in de \u201c\u00c7oklu Boru Hatlar\u0131 Politikas\u0131\u201d izleyerek, enerji ithal\u00e2t\u0131nda kaynak \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi yaratmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya ve Kuzey Afrika\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, AB\u2019nin gelecekteki petrol ve do\u011fal gaz ithalat\u0131nda, Orta Asya ve Kafkaslar ile Orta Do\u011fu B\u00f6lgelerinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyaca\u011f\u0131 beklenmektedir.<\/p>\n

      \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun Enerji Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Rusya sahip oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck enerji potansiyeli ve \u00f6zellikle de do\u011fal gaz ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olarak, ba\u015fta AB ve Asya Pasifik B\u00f6lgesinin ileri teknolojiye sahip \u00fclkeleri olmak \u00fczere, k\u00fcresel enerji piyasas\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir stratejik g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr. Rusya i\u00e7in enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi; do\u011fal gaz \u00fcretimi ve boru hatlar\u0131yla da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcndeki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir. Bunun i\u00e7in giderek daha fazla devlet\u00e7i politikalar izlemektedir (Ediger, 2007, 4). D\u00fcnya do\u011fal gaz rezervlerinin y\u00fczde 25\u2019ini elinde bulunduran Rusya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fal gaz tekeli Gazprom, 150.000 km\u2019lik boru hatt\u0131 a\u011f\u0131 ile sadece eski SSCB\u2019nin i\u00e7indeki enerji trafi\u011fini de\u011fil, Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n gaz t\u00fcketiminin y\u00fczde 35\u2019ini sa\u011flamas\u0131yla da \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Nitekim, Beyaz Rusya, Ukrayna, Litvanya, ve Moldova\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fal gaz trafi\u011fi tamamen Gazprom taraf\u0131ndan idare edilmektedir (Bilgin, 2005, 101).<\/p>\n

        \n

        ABD\u2019nin b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik, \u201c\u00c7oklu Boru Hatlar\u0131\u201d, \u201cDo\u011fu-Bat\u0131 Enerji Koridoru\u201d vb. \u00e7e\u015fitli proje ve strateji geli\u015ftirme \u00e7abalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lge \u00fczerindeki egemenli\u011fi k\u0131r\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, yeni anla\u015fmalar ve yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla, bu egemenli\u011fi baz\u0131 alanlarda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Dokuzlar, 2006, 87). Rusya zengin do\u011fal kaynak rezervlerini kullanarak, bir yandan kendisine ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki etkinli\u011fini artt\u0131r\u0131rken, di\u011fer yandan da gelecekte rakibi olabilecek T\u00fcrkmenistan, \u00d6zbekistan ve Kazakistan gibi \u00fclkelerle ikili anla\u015fmalar yapmaktad\u0131r. \u0130hra\u00e7 edilen do\u011fal gaz\u0131n fiyat\u0131 ve anla\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131 konusunda sa\u011flanan baz\u0131 kolayl\u0131klar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan, Moldova, Beyaz Rusya, Bulgaristan vb. \u00fclkelerin altyap\u0131 sistemleri Rusya\u2019n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mektedir (Uluta\u015f, 2008, 10).<\/p>\n

        \n

        Rusya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin gaz yataklar\u0131na sahip olmakla birlikte, bu gaz\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yabilecek ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 pazarlayabilecek yeterli d\u00fczeyde bir altyap\u0131ya sahip de\u011fildir. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck standartlar ve kalitesiz malzeme kullan\u0131larak in\u015fa edilen, Rus boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n ortalama ya\u015f\u0131 22\u2019dir. Ya\u015fl\u0131 sistem ciddi miktarda iletim kay\u0131plar\u0131na ve eskimi\u015f kompres\u00f6rler de, daha fazla enerji kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r (IEA, 2005, 292). Uluslararas\u0131 Enerji Ajans\u0131na g\u00f6re, Rusya enerji kaynaklar\u0131 ve ihracat yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in, 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 900 milyar dolardan fazla yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir (IEA, 2006, 304).<\/p>\n

        \n

        Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, \u00c7in ve Japonya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda end\u00fcstriyel ve ileri teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnleri rekabeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yetersiz konumu, Asya-Pasifik B\u00f6lgesindeki en \u00f6nemli tedarik\u00e7i \u00fclke stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan Rusya, ABD ve AB\u2019nin enerji ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak, piyasada belirleyici akt\u00f6r olma rol\u00fcn\u00fc orta ve uzun d\u00f6nemde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi planlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

        \n

        Son y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan \u00f6nemli bir geli\u015fme de; 28 Ocak 2007\u2019de \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na yap\u0131lan, do\u011falgaz ihracat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00fclkeler organizasyonu (gasOPEC) kurulmas\u0131 teklifidir. Do\u011falgazda da, OPEC benzeri bir birlik kurma teklifinin hedefi, Karadeniz, G\u00fcney Kafkasya ve Orta Asya enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 bat\u0131\u2019ya y\u00f6nlendirmede \u0130ran ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131d\u0131r (http:\/\/www.tusam.net, 10.07.2008).<\/p>\n

        \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u00c7in\u2019in Enerji Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          D\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde 20\u2019sini, 9 milyon 596 bin m2<\/sup>\u2019lik devasa bir alanda bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u00c7in (\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti) b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dinamizm i\u00e7erisinde, sosyalist siyasal yap\u0131 ve kapitalist \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri dahilinde \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 bir kalk\u0131nma s\u00fcrecini (y\u0131ll\u0131k y\u00fczde 17\u2019lik b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131) ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme trendinin, haz\u0131rlanan projeksiyonlarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi halinde \u00c7in\u2019in 2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda, ABD\u2019den daha fazla i\u00e7 \u00fcretim yapabilir konuma gelece\u011fi tahmin edilmektedir (Bilgin, 2005, 83).<\/p>\n

          \n

          \u00c7in\u2019in 1978 y\u0131l\u0131nda uygulamaya koydu\u011fu reform ve d\u0131\u015fa a\u00e7\u0131lma politikalar\u0131 sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck kalk\u0131nma hamlesi 2004 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar enerji t\u00fcketimini y\u00fczde 245 oran\u0131nda artt\u0131r\u0131rken, ayn\u0131 s\u00fcredeki enerji \u00fcretimi ancak y\u00fczde 194 oran\u0131nda artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devam eden sanayile\u015fme ve kentle\u015fme enerji talebini s\u00fcrekli artt\u0131r\u0131rken, ulusal kaynaklar giderek daha yetersiz hale gelmektedir (Ata, 2008, 86).<\/p>\n

          \n

          D\u00fcnya enerji t\u00fcketiminde pay\u0131 h\u0131zla artan \u00f6nemli ithalat\u00e7\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda olan \u00c7in, d\u00fcnya petrol t\u00fcketiminin y\u00fczde 8\u2019ini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. \u00c7in halen, 61 milyar ton (d\u00fcnya k\u00f6m\u00fcr rezervinin yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde 13\u2019\u00fc) dolay\u0131ndaki d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin k\u00f6m\u00fcr yataklar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 miktarda do\u011falgaz ve n\u00fcfusuna oranla az miktarda petrol t\u00fcketmektedir. Ancak giderek artan ekonomik b\u00fcy\u00fcme ile birlikte \u00c7in\u2019in gelecek y\u0131llarda, petrol ve gaz talebinin h\u0131zla artmas\u0131 ve hatta ABD\u2019yi ge\u00e7erek, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck petrol ve gaz ithalat\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olmas\u0131 beklenmektedir (G\u00fcne\u015f, 2007, 35).<\/p>\n

          \n

          \u00c7in, uzun d\u00f6nemli enerji yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 ve ekonomik piyasa stratejilerine y\u00f6nelik temel planlamalar\u0131ndaki enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 giderebilmek i\u00e7in, Orta Asya hidrokarbon rezervleri birinci \u00f6ncelikli kaynak olarak g\u00f6rmektedir (Andican, 2006, 27). Bununla birlikte, Rusya Federasyonunun petrol-do\u011falgaz da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m \u015febekesinin merkezi yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u201cYak\u0131n \u00c7evre Kom\u015fular\u0131 Politikas\u0131\u201d gere\u011fi, Orta Asya T\u00fcrk Cumhuriyetleri \u00fczerindeki artan bask\u0131s\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in en ciddi potansiyel tehdit olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n

          \n

          \u00c7in, petrol ve do\u011falgaz ithalindeki riskleri da\u011f\u0131tmak ve tedarik g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in, M\u0131s\u0131r, Nijerya, Sudan, Angola gibi Afrika \u00fclkelerinde, petrol ve do\u011falgaz arama ve rafinaj konular\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli anla\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (G\u00fcne\u015f, 2007, 41). G\u00fcney Amerika\u2019da, Venezuella ve Peru ile petrol arama, \u00e7\u0131karma gibi konularda faaliyet g\u00f6sterebilmek i\u00e7in m\u00fc\u015fterek \u015firketler kurmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca, Endonezya, Papua Yeni Gine ve Tayvan\u2019da da denizde petrol arama ve \u00e7\u0131karma haklar\u0131 elde etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

          \n

          \u00c7in h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen enerji a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak i\u00e7in, Orta Do\u011fu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Orta Asya\u2019ya da \u00f6nem vermektedir. Orta Do\u011fu kaynakl\u0131 petrol al\u0131mlar\u0131nda \u00fcretim alanlar\u0131 ve ta\u015f\u0131ma yollar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn ABD\u2019nde olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00c7in, Orta Asya\u2019dan yap\u0131lacak al\u0131mlar i\u00e7in Rusya ve Orta Asya \u00fclkeleri (Kazakistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan vb.) ile \u00e7e\u015fitli projeler geli\u015ftirmektedir. Di\u011fer taraftan 15 Haziran 2001 y\u0131l\u0131nda olu\u015fturulan \u015eanghay \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (\u00c7in-Rusya-Kazakistan-K\u0131rg\u0131zistan-Tacikistan-\u00d6zbekistan) \u00fcyeler aras\u0131nda politik, ekonomik, askeri ve enerji alanlar\u0131nda bir i\u015fbirli\u011fi zemini olu\u015fturmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir (Andican, 2006, 9).<\/p>\n

          \n

          ABD\u2019nin Irak konusunda hassas olmas\u0131n\u0131n nedenlerinden birisi de, \u00c7in\u2019in Saddam d\u00f6neminde Irak ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 petrol anla\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r. ABD\u2019nin m\u00fcdahalesiyle Irak\u2019ta yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 arama ve \u00e7\u0131kartma faaliyetlerine son veren \u00c7in, ilgisini Orta Asya ve Hazar B\u00f6lgesine y\u00f6neltmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00f6lgede \u00f6zellikle Rusya, Kazakistan ve T\u00fcrkmenistan\u2019\u0131n enerji kaynaklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik projeler geli\u015ftirilmekte ve bu geli\u015fmeler, ABD taraf\u0131ndan dikkatle izlenmektedir.<\/p>\n

          \n

          \u00c7in\u2019in ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu petrol ve do\u011falgaz\u0131n \u00fclkeye, deniz yoluyla ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda kullanmak zorunda oldu\u011fu H\u00fcrm\u00fcz, Malacca ve Tayvan Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n\u0131n kritik durumu ile boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7i\u015f b\u00f6lgelerinin g\u00fcvensizli\u011fi, enerji sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli tehditleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu deniz yollar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi halen, b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda ABD donanmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sa\u011flanmakta bu a\u00e7\u0131dan da \u00c7in\u2019in ABD\u2019ye olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

          \n

            \n
          1. Hindistan\u2019\u0131n Enerji Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Hindistan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla petrol t\u00fcketen 10 \u00fclkesinden birisidir. Petrol ve do\u011falgaz Hindistan\u2019daki toplam enerji t\u00fcketiminin y\u00fczde 40\u2019dan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 petrol\u00fcn y\u00fczde 70\u2019ini do\u011falgaz\u0131n ise, y\u00fczde 50\u2019sini ithal eden Hindistan y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama 7.5 milyon metrek\u00fcp do\u011falgaz ithal etmektedir. \u00dclke i\u00e7indeki petrol t\u00fcketimi s\u00fcrekli y\u00fckselmekte oldu\u011fundan Hindistan ithalata y\u00fcksek oranda ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 durumdad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            \n

            Hindistan\u2019da \u00c7in gibi, s\u00fcrekli \u00e7o\u011falan n\u00fcfusu ve \u00fcretim kapasitesi ile artan enerji ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in, giderek istikrars\u0131zla\u015fan Basra K\u00f6rfezine olan ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da azaltmak amac\u0131yla, Hazar B\u00f6lgesine yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparak enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Hazar B\u00f6lgesinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan petrol ve do\u011fal gaz\u0131n ABD\u2019nin kontrol ve denetiminde olmadan Kazakistan \u00fczerinden \u00c7in\u2019e, T\u00fcrkmenistan ve Pakistan \u00fczerinden de Hindistan\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bu \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n

            \n

            ABD a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Hazar kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc ve \u00c7in ve Hindistan\u2019\u0131n bu kaynaklara serbest\u00e7e ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi birinci \u00f6ncelikli konu olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kap, 2007, 110). Bununla birlikte, Orta Asya Devletleri ile s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fusu olan \u00c7in-Hindistan ve Pakistan aras\u0131nda enerji ve g\u00fcvenlik politikalar\u0131 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7lenmektedir.<\/p>\n

            \n

              \n
            1. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Enerji Politikalar\u0131<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde t\u00fcketti\u011fi enerji kaynaklar\u0131ndan yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ithal etmekte olan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de uygulanan enerji politikalar\u0131, d\u00fcnya enerji sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn genel yap\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilenmektedir. Enerji t\u00fcketiminde ithalat\u0131n pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 70 d\u00fczeyindedir. Enerji a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan y\u00fcksek orandaki d\u0131\u015fa ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, do\u011fal gaz ithalat\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 65\u2019i Rusya Federasyonundan yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ve bu durum da, enerji g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara neden olmaktad\u0131r (Uluta\u015f, 2008, 11).<\/p>\n

              \n

              Stratejik bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00fclkesi olan T\u00fcrkiye, ayn\u0131 zamanda enerji pazar\u0131 olmaya aday bir \u00fclkedir. Bu nedenle petrol ve do\u011falgaz ithalat\u0131nda kaynak \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi, arz g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve s\u00fcreklili\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 enerji ta\u015f\u0131ma projelerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r (\u00dcltan\u0131r, 1998, 169-177). Orta Do\u011fu ve Hazar B\u00f6lgesini, Akdeniz ve Avrupa\u2019ya ba\u011flayan hemen hemen t\u00fcm kara ve deniz g\u00fczergahlar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

              \n

              T\u00fcrkiye mevcut boru hatlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, pek \u00e7ok yeni projeye de dahil olmu\u015ftur. Bu projelerin bitirilmesiyle T\u00fcrkiye, yak\u0131n gelecekte Do\u011fu-Bat\u0131 Enerji Koridoru olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Kuzey-G\u00fcney Enerji Koridoru olmaya aday, AB \u00fclkelerini enerji krizinden kurtaracak kilit \u00fclke konumuna gelecektir. B\u00f6ylece AB ile kurulacak enerji i\u015fbirli\u011fi, tam \u00fcyelik s\u00fcrecinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u00f6nemini daha da artt\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

              KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n

              Altun\u0131\u015f\u0131k, B. M. (2004). \u201cAB\u2019de Petrol ve Do\u011fal gaz Piyasalar\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik Politikalar ve T\u00fcrkiye Uygulamalar\u0131\u201d,<\/em> AB\u2019nin Enerji Politikas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye, Ulusal Politika Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131 (UPAV) Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.<\/p>\n

              Andican, A. (2006). \u201c\u00c7in Satranc\u0131nda Orta Asya\u201d, Avrasya Dosyas\u0131, Cilt: 12, Say\u0131:1.<\/p>\n

              Ata, \u0130. (2008). \u201c\u00c7in\u2019in Enerji G\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve Politikalar\u0131\u201d<\/em>, Stratejik Analiz, May\u0131s 2008, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

              Bayra\u00e7, H. N. \u2013 Aras, H. (2007). \u201cD\u00fcnya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Do\u011falgaz Politikalar\u0131\u201d<\/em>, TMMOB Makine M\u00fchendisleri Odas\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 Do\u011falgaz Kongresi ve Sergisi Bildiri Kitab\u0131, 3-5 May\u0131s 2007, Ankara.<\/p>\n

              Bilgin, M. (2005). \u201cAvrasya Enerji Sava\u015flar\u0131\u201d<\/em>, IQ K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Sanat Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k No: 126, \u0130nceleme-Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Dizisi No: 90, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

              BP, (2008). Statistical Review of World EnergyJune 2008.<\/p>\n

              Dokuzlar, B. (2006). D\u00fcnya G\u00fc\u00e7 Dengesinde Yeni Silah Do\u011fal Gaz (Orta Asya\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya),<\/em> IQ K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Yay\u0131n\u0131 No: 164, Ara\u015ft\u0131rma-\u0130nceleme Dizisi No: 125, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

              EuropeanCommission (2006a). EuropeanUnionEnergyand Transport in Figures 2006<\/em>, Brussels, EC.<\/p>\n

              G\u00f6n\u00fcl, G. (2003). \u201cAB\u2019de Do\u011fal gaz, Petrol, K\u00f6m\u00fcr ve N\u00fckleer Enerji\u201d,<\/em> Avrupa Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Enerji Politikas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Yans\u0131malar\u0131 III, Ulusal Politika Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131 (UPAV) Yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.<\/p>\n

              G\u00fcne\u015f, H. (2007). \u201c\u00c7in Halk Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin Orta Asya Politikas\u0131: Enerji ve G\u00fcvenlik\u201d,<\/em> Orta Asya\u2019da De\u011fi\u015fen Dengeler ve T\u00fcrkiye Sempozyum Bildirileri, Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Et\u00fct Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Stratejik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve Et\u00fct Merkezi (SAREM), Genelkurmay Bas\u0131mevi Ya. No: 2007\/26, Ankara.<\/p>\n

              Harrop, J. (2000). ThePoliticalEconomy of Integration in theEuropeanUnion<\/em>, Thirt Edition, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham 2000.<\/p>\n

              IEA (2005). World Energy Outlook (WEO),<\/em> OECD\/IEA, Paris.<\/p>\n

              IEA (2006). World Energy Outlook (WEO),<\/em> OECD\/IEA, Paris.<\/p>\n

              K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7kap, T. B. (2007). B\u00f6lgesel G\u00fc\u00e7ten K\u00fcresel G\u00fcce Hindistan<\/em>, IQ K\u00fclt\u00fcr Sanat Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k No: 245, Ara\u015ft\u0131rma-\u0130nceleme Dizisi No: 203, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

              Pamir, A. N. (2003). D\u00fcnya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Enerji, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Enerji Kaynaklar\u0131 ve Enerji Politikalar\u0131<\/em>, May\u0131s (http:\/\/www.metalurji.org.tr\/dergi\/dergi134\/d134_73100.pdf, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 25.9.2008).<\/p>\n

              Uluta\u015f M. (2008). \u201cK\u00fcresel Enerji Sava\u015flar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Konumu<\/em>\u201d, Cumhuriyet Enerji, EMO Yay\u0131n\u0131, Say\u0131: 1, Ocak-2008, Ankara.<\/p>\n

              \u00dcltan\u0131r, M. \u00d6. (1998). 21. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Girerken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Enerji Stratejisinin De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/em>, T\u00dcS\u0130AD Yay\u0131n\u0131 No: T\u00dcS\u0130AD T\/98-12\/239, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

              \u00dc\u015f\u00fcmezsoy, \u015e. \u2013 \u015een, \u015e. (2003). Yeni D\u00fcnya Petrol D\u00fczeni ve K\u00f6rfez Sava\u015flar\u0131,<\/em>\u0130nkilap Kitapevi Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

              \u00dc\u015f\u00fcmezsoy, \u015e. (2006). Petrol \u015eoku ve Yeni Orta Do\u011fu Haritas\u0131<\/em>, \u0130leri Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 No: 119, \u0130stanbul.<\/p>\n

              http:\/\/www.tusam.net\/makaleler.asp?id=829&sayfa=12, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 10.07.2008.<\/p>\n

              \n

              http:\/\/www.turksam.org\/tr\/a1909.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

              K\u00fcresel Enerji Politikalar\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye Enerji Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc – 04 \u015eubat 2010 Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. H. Naci Bayra\u00e7 \u00dclkelerin ekonomik kalk\u0131nmalar\u0131nda zorunlu olan temel girdilerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, enerji kaynaklar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r. S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir enerji politikalar\u0131, arz g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve temin kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitlendirilmesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kullan\u0131lmak istenen enerji t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maliyetli, talep edilen miktar ve kalitede topluma arz edilmesini […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-465","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel","category-turkiye-ve-cin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/465","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=465"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/465\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":467,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/465\/revisions\/467"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=465"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=465"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=465"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}