{"id":4160,"date":"2020-07-11T11:49:18","date_gmt":"2020-07-11T08:49:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=4160"},"modified":"2020-07-11T11:50:59","modified_gmt":"2020-07-11T08:50:59","slug":"uygur-sivil-belgelerinden-hareketle-uygurlarda-yerlesik-yasam-ve-bununla-ilgili-soz-varligina-dair","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=4160","title":{"rendered":"Uygur sivil belgelerinden hareketle Uygurlarda yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam ve bununla ilgili s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Ara\u015f. G\u00f6r. U\u011fur UZUNKAYA<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Uygurlarda yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam, \u00e7e\u015fitli milletler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla incelenmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan sivil belgelerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda incelenmemi\u015ftir. Uygur sivil belgeleri, ba\u015fta yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam olmak \u00fczere, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, siyas\u00ee ve sosyal bir\u00e7ok konuda Uygurlarla ilgili temel ba\u015fvuru kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Uygur sivil belgelerinden hareketle, Uygurlarda yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ait s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelenmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki bilgiler, yeri geldik\u00e7e Uygurlardan bahseden seyahatnameler ve Uygur b\u00f6lgesinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n verileriyle desteklenmi\u015ftir. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada esas al\u0131nan y\u00f6ntem bu s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dil-k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi perspektifinden incelenmesidir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada sivil belgeleri esas almam\u0131z\u0131n sebebi Uygurlara ait di\u011fer yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun din\u00ee i\u00e7erikli metinler olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ncelemenin korpusunu olu\u015fturan sivil belgeler Uygurlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bize g\u00f6steren \u00f6nemli yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklard\u0131r. Uygur sivil belgelerinde ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6ken bilgisine dair bilgiler de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda dipnotlarda belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu metinlerden taranarak
\nolu\u015fturulan s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ya\u015fam Alan\u0131 Olan Yerler \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yer alan \u0130\u00e7 mek\u00e2na ait olan yerler ve D\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2na ait olan yerler alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda incelenmi\u015ftir. Uygur sivil belgelerindeki yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ait unsurlar\u0131n belirlenebilmesi ve bu unsurlar\u0131n metinlerde nas\u0131l kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n

Anahtar Kelimeler:<\/strong><\/span> Uygurlar, Uygur sivil belgeleri, yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam<\/p>\n

Giri\u015f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

II. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan kalma yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n ke\u015ffi ve ard\u0131ndan ne\u015fri, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkoloji\u2019ye olan ilginin artmas\u0131na ve g\u00f6zlerin Orta Asya\u2019ya \u00e7evrilmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. Mo\u011folistan\u2019da Orhon nehri ve \u00e7evresinde yer
\nalan yaz\u0131tlar\u0131n bulunu\u015fuyla ba\u015flayan bu ilgi, Uygurlardan kalma yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n ke\u015ffiyle devam etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

VI. yy.\u2019da tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kan Uygurlar\u0131n siyas\u00ee tarihi genel kabule g\u00f6re 3 d\u00f6neme ayr\u0131l\u0131r: 1. Erken D\u00f6nem (VI. yy.-744); 2. Bozk\u0131r Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 D\u00f6nemi (744-840);
\n3. Bat\u0131 ve G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Uygur Devletleri D\u00f6nemi (840-1206)1. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemi hakk\u0131ndaki bilgi i\u00e7in \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na ba\u015fvurulan Uygurlar, ikinci d\u00f6nemde art\u0131k Mo\u011folistan topraklar\u0131nda bir ka\u011fanl\u0131k kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n 840 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131yla \u00fclkelerinden ayr\u0131lmak zorunda kalan Uygurlar, bat\u0131ya ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fuya g\u00f6\u00e7erek, orada siyas\u00ee bak\u0131mdan ciddi bir varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterememi\u015f olan ama din, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, sanat, edebiyat, g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam ve \u015fehirle\u015fme bak\u0131mdan seleflerinden farkl\u0131 say\u0131labilecek Turfan ve Kansu devletlerini kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda son d\u00f6neme ait Uygur sivil belgeleri de IX.-XIV. yy.\u2019lar aras\u0131nda Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n hem ki\u015fi ile ki\u015fi hem de ki\u015fi ile devlet aras\u0131nda olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 belgelerin bir toplam\u0131d\u0131r2. Bu belgeler, d\u00f6nemin sivil ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmas\u0131n\u0131n
\nyan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u015fta ya\u015fam \u015fekli olmak \u00fczere bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir\u00e7ok unsurla Uygur toplum ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n panoramas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer.<\/p>\n

Uygurlar\u0131n ya\u015fam \u015fekli erken d\u00f6nemde konar-g\u00f6\u00e7er bir tarzdad\u0131r. Bozk\u0131r Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi ise \u00f6zellikle 762\u2019de Manihaizm\u2019in kabul\u00fc ile birlikte konar-g\u00f6\u00e7er ya\u015famdan yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama bir ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi olarak kabul edilebilir. 840 sonras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde gerek arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar gerekse yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar Uygurlar\u0131n yerle\u015fik ya\u015famla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Uygurlardan bahseden seyahatname t\u00fcr\u00fcndeki eserlerle arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da Uygur yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, Uygur sivil belgelerinde ge\u00e7en yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama dair s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dil-k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihi perspektifinden hareketle incelenmesi ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygurlar\u0131n yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131 benimseyen ilk T\u00fcrk toplumu oldu\u011fu \u015fimdiye kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla ortaya konmu\u015f olsa da bu konu, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda sivil belgeleri esas almam\u0131z\u0131n nedeni Uygurlara ait di\u011fer yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131n din\u00ee i\u00e7erikli metinler olu\u015fudur. \u0130ncelemenin korpusunu olu\u015fturan sivil belgeler Uygurlar\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bize g\u00f6steren birincil kaynaklar konumundad\u0131r3. Bu metinlerden taranarak olu\u015fturulan s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda Ya\u015fam Alan\u0131 Olan Yerler \u00fcst ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda yer alan \u0130\u00e7 mek\u00e2na ait olan yerler ve D\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2na ait olan yerler alt ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda incelenecek ve yeri geldi\u011finde \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler Uygurlardan bahseden seyahatnamelerin ve Uygur b\u00f6lgesinde yap\u0131lan arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fam Alan\u0131 Olan Yerler<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Mimar\u00ee yap\u0131 ve tar\u0131m, bir toplumun yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama ge\u00e7ti\u011finin en \u00f6nemli belirtilerindendir. Uygur sivil belgeleri incelendi\u011finde bu iki unsurun da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren malzemeye rastlamaktay\u0131z. Ancak sivil belgeler yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131 yans\u0131tan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin t\u00fcm\u00fcne yer vermez. Metinlerde yeri geldik\u00e7e bu malzeme i\u015flenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

a. \u0130\u00e7 mek\u00e2na ait olan yerler<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Konar-g\u00f6\u00e7er bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131nda korunulan ve bar\u0131n\u0131lan bir yap\u0131 olan \u00e7ad\u0131rlar, Uygurlarda, 840 sonras\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7leri ile beraber, yeni co\u011frafyadaki iklimin elveri\u015flili\u011fi ve farkl\u0131 sosyal \u00e7evrelerle tan\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k sebebiyle yerini modern \u015fehir yap\u0131s\u0131na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki \u00c7in el\u00e7isi Wang Yen-Te\u2019nin Uygur seyahatnamesinde ge\u00e7en \u015fu sat\u0131rlar Uygurlar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle de Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar niteliktedir: \u201cHer birinin arazisi birka\u00e7 bin lidir. Orada [Kao-ch\u2019ang] ya\u011fmur ve kar yoktur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00e7ok s\u0131cakt\u0131r. Yaz s\u0131caklar\u0131n\u0131n artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman, b\u00fct\u00fcn oturanlar
\ntopra\u011f\u0131 kazarlar ve oturmak i\u00e7in ma\u011faralar yaparlar. [\u2026] Evler beyaz badanal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d (\u0130zgi 2000: 56-57). Buradan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Uygurlar art\u0131k, yaz mevsiminde yayla\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kmak yerine bulunduklar\u0131 yerde kal\u0131p, topra\u011f\u0131 kazarak olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 ma\u011faralarda oturmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ve kurduklar\u0131 ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131 iklimin etkisinde \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Sivil Uygur belgeleri \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda belirlenen yerle\u015fim yerlerine ad olan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin ba\u015f\u0131nda, II. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131tlar\u0131ndan beri tarih\u00ee ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk dillerinde gerek ikileme gerekse ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz \u04d3v4 ve bark5 s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri gelmektedir. Burada dikkati \u00e7eken en \u00f6nemli unsur bark s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn hemen hi\u00e7 tek ba\u015f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u04d3v s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise kimi zaman bark s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle beraber g\u00f6r\u00fclse de tek ba\u015f\u0131na kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnekler de olduk\u00e7a fazlad\u0131r. \u04d3v, bark veya \u04d3v bark s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri II. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrk Ka\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda \u201c\u00e7ad\u0131r, yurt\u201d gibi anlamlarda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k art\u0131k bir yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 olan konutlar\u0131 tasvir etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Bu yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 olan konutlar\u0131n i\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131ndan ilkinin \u201ckilit\u201d ve \u201ckap\u0131\u201d oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Metinlerde sa ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131 6 ve \u1e33ap\u0131\u01217 \u015feklinde ge\u00e7en bu iki kavram Uygur sivil belgelerinde bahsi ge\u00e7en evlerin sahip oldu\u011fu unsurlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. Bu bak\u0131mdan, Sa18 metni, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f, caddelerle \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc, kap\u0131s\u0131 ve kilidiyle s\u0131ra s\u0131ra evlerden olu\u015fmu\u015f Uygur \u015fehir yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer:<\/p>\n

1. m\u04d3n \u015fa\u00e7u sangun k\u00fcl\u00fcgk\u04d3 t\u00fck\u04d3l berdim (..) 2. ym\u04d3 t\u00fck\u04d3l alt\u0131m bu \u04d3vni\u014b s\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u1e33ap\u0131g\u0131 3. ulug \u1e33ayda ol \u00f6\u014bt\u00fcn y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 s\u0131rt\u0131g\u00e7\u0131 taz(?)n\u0131\u014b 4. \u04d3vi ol alt\u0131n y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 b\u04d3diz\u00e7i \u1e33apootu 5. y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 yitmi\u015f tonga \u04d3vi bu \u04d3v i\u00e7int\u04d3 sas\u0131 ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fck\u04d3l ol \u201c(1) Ben Sa\u00e7u Sangun. K\u00fcl\u00fcg\u2019e eksiksiz, tam verdim. (2) Ben (K\u00fcl\u00fcg) eksiksiz, tam ald\u0131m. Bu evin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, kap\u0131s\u0131 \u2026(3) b\u00fcy\u00fck caddededir. Do\u011fu taraf\u0131ndaki S\u0131rt\u0131g\u00e7\u0131 Taz\u2019\u0131n (4) evidir. Kuzey taraf(taki) B\u04d3diz\u00e7i \u1e32apootu\u2019nun (evidir). (5) (\u2026) taraf Yitmi\u015f Tonga\u2019n\u0131n evi(dir). Bu ev(in) i\u00e7inde kilidi anahtar\u0131 tamd\u0131r.\u201d (Sa18).<\/p>\n

Turfan kaz\u0131lar\u0131yla elde edilen duvar resimleri, din\u00ee bir portre sunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sivil belgeler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren \u00f6nemli bir kaynak olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Bezeklik 9 numaral\u0131 mabedin koridor duvarlar\u0131ndaki \u201cpranidhi\u201d sahnelerini tasvir eden resimlerin \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n ev ya\u015fam\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde yans\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan duvar resimlerinde, Uygur mimarisinde \u201ckilit\u201d ve \u201ckap\u0131\u201dn\u0131n yeri \u00e7e\u015fitli tablolarda farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde ortaya konmu\u015ftur. Buna g\u00f6re, Tablo 17\u2019deki tasvirden kap\u0131n\u0131n iki kanatl\u0131 ve kahverengi oldu\u011funu ve tokma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011freniyoruz (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 103). Tablo 18\u2019de yine kahverengi ama bu kez b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kap\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar, bu kap\u0131n\u0131n ise bir kanad\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7erden dokuz
\nd\u00fc\u011fmesi vard\u0131r (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 104). Tablo 19\u2019da yine kahverengi kap\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131karken (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 105), Tablo 24\u2019te iki kanatl\u0131 ve bir kanad\u0131nda d\u00f6rderden on alt\u0131 d\u00fc\u011fmesi olan bir kap\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 109). Sivil belgeler bizekap\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131 malzemesi ve \u015fekli hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok fazla bilgi vermezken duvar resimleri canl\u0131 bir tasvirde bulunur. Bu tasvir genel olarak incelendi\u011finde her bir kanad\u0131nda birden fazla d\u00fc\u011fme bulunduran bu kap\u0131lardaki d\u00fc\u011fmenin muhtemelen kilit i\u015fleviyle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ayr\u0131ca bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ift tarafl\u0131 kap\u0131lar\u0131n kullan\u0131mda oldu\u011fu duvar resimleriyle sabitlenmi\u015ftir. Ancak Ernte2 metninde belirledi\u011fimiz \u00fczere \u1e33ap\u0131\u0121 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece \u201cevin kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. bal\u0131\u1e33 \u1e33ap\u0131\u0121lar\u0131 \u015feklinde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00f6z grubuyla \u201c\u015fehir kap\u0131lar\u0131\u201d kast edilmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

67. basa basa ta\u015fuyu 68. bal\u0131\u1e33 \u1e33ap\u0131\u0121lar\u0131 orpa\u1e93un 69. bar\u00e7\u0131n t\u04d3g y[um\u015fak bolzun] \u201c(67) bundan ba\u015fka ta\u015farak (68) \u015fehir kap\u0131lar\u0131 eskisin (69) bar\u00e7\u0131n gibi yumu\u015fak olsun\u201d (Ernte2).<\/p>\n

Yine \u201c\u015fehir kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d ibaresine ve modern bir \u015fehrin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131na, P. Zieme\u2019nin yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Mainz 354 (T I 172) numaral\u0131 Uygurca fragman\u0131n ilk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde de rastlamaktay\u0131z:<\/p>\n

1. ol oprak bal\u0131k\u0131g k\u00f6r\u00fc y(a)rl\u0131kap 2. apalar\u0131m etmi\u015f ordo ulu\u015f oprap 3. n\u04d3\u00e7\u00fck turgay tep be\u015f y\u00fcz i\u015f\u00e7i \u04d3r 4. [min]\u04d3r \u0131ga\u00e7\u00e7\u0131 birl\u04d3 solm\u0131l\u0131g \u0131\u015fug 5. [ ] y(a)rl\u0131kap n\u04d3 k(\u04d3)rg\u04d3kin 6. [ kat\u0131g]lanturu y(a)rl\u0131kap t(\u04d3)\u014bri bal\u0131k 7. [-n\u0131\u014b \u00fc]z\u04d3ki ulug luu ikitin 8. [ \u0131s\u0131r]kalar\u0131 t(\u04d3)\u014brid\u04d3m k\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 9. [ ] yirg\u04d3nt\u04d3ki \u2018[ ]ikin (verso) (\u2026) 11. t\u00f6k\u00fcgl\u00fcg su\u014bmin ulug kap\u0131gl\u0131g 12. ulug t\u0131tsi \u04d3v etd\u00fcr\u00fc y(a)rl\u0131kad\u0131 \u201c(H\u00fck\u00fcmdar) harabeye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f o \u015fehri g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, (\u015f\u00f6yle) buyurup: \u201cAtalar\u0131m taraf\u0131ndan in\u015fa edilmi\u015f bu \u015fehir, y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra tekrar nas\u0131l imar edilebilir?\u201d diyerek 500 i\u015f\u00e7i ve binlerce marangozla Solm\u0131 \u015fehrini yeniden in\u015fa etmek amac\u0131yla k\u0131z\u0131l kil (?) getirtmeyi emretti. Ne gerekliyse (temin etmek i\u00e7in) emir verdi. Kutsal \u015fehir saraylar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck kulelerinin her iki taraf\u0131nda, cennet gibi k\u0131\u015fl\u0131k evleri. (H\u00fck\u00fcmdar) d\u00f6k\u00fcml\u00fc y\u00fcksek kap\u0131lar\u0131n ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kap\u0131l\u0131 geni\u015f saraylar\u0131n in\u015fa edilmesi amac\u0131yla emir verdi.\u201d (Zieme 2009: 257-258).<\/p>\n

Bir \u015fehrin daha do\u011frusu bir saray\u0131n in\u015fas\u0131 merkez\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn kontrol\u00fc i\u00e7in temel \u015fartt\u0131r. \u201cBir imparatorlu\u011fun kurulmas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan kuvvetli ve geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir idar\u00ee mekanizma, h\u00fck\u00fcmetin her zaman bulunaca\u011f\u0131 belli bir merkezin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lar. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar kendi topraklar\u0131nda nerede ne oldu\u011funu bilmek ister. Haberle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu zamanlarda herkes h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 nerede bulabilece\u011fini bilmelidir. Bir kere \u015fehir kuruldu mu, g\u00f6\u00e7ebelik zay\u0131flamaya ba\u015flar.\u201d (Mackerras 2000: 455). Tam da bu noktada, \u015fehir in\u015fas\u0131 sadece \u015fehrin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flamaz ayn\u0131 zamanda yerle\u015fik ya\u015fama zemin de haz\u0131rlar. Asl\u0131nda, Tamim ibn Bahr\u2019\u0131n Uygurlara seyahatini i\u00e7eren metninde, Uygur \u015fehrinin olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck ve tar\u0131mda zengin oldu\u011fu ile birbirine yak\u0131n yerle\u015fim yerleri ve rustak ekiniyle \u00e7evrelenmi\u015f oldu\u011fu bildirilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u015fehrin 12 b\u00fcy\u00fck demir kap\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. N\u00fcfusu yo\u011fun olan bu \u015fehir, pazar ve \u00e7e\u015fitli esnaf\u0131 da bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r (Minorsky 1948: 283). T\u00fcm bu s\u00f6ylediklerimiz, Uygurlarda kullan\u0131lan \u1e33ap\u0131\u0121 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece \u201ckonut kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201c\u015fehir kap\u0131s\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlar.<\/p>\n

Metinlerle tan\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir di\u011fer ya\u015fam alan\u0131na ad olan s\u00f6zc\u00fck ala\u00e7u8\u2019dur. Uygur sat\u0131\u015f belgelerinde \u201ckul\u00fcbe, baraka\u201d anlam\u0131nda iki kez belirlenen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe, Tayk\u00fc nehrindeki ala\u00e7u\u2019nun sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u015fahit olmaktay\u0131z. ala\u00e7u burada devri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir gayrimenkul olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Ancak nehrin kenar\u0131ndaki ala\u00e7u d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ba\u015fka sorular\u0131 beraberinde getirir. S\u00f6zc\u00fck tarih\u00ee ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk dili alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir sahada g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k sivil belgeler i\u00e7erisinde sadece a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki metinde belirlenebilmi\u015ftir. Bu durum, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki metin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bir ya\u015fam
\nalan\u0131 olan ala\u00e7u\u2019nun su kenar\u0131nda kurulan yerle\u015fim yerlerinden oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir:<\/p>\n

1. tav\u0131\u015fgan y\u0131l bir ygrmin\u00e7 ay (\u2026) ma\u014ba 2. ozm\u0131\u015f\u1e33a t\u00fck\u04d3lk\u04d3 biz ik\u04d3g\u00fck\u04d3 yu\u014blu\u1e33l\u0131\u1e33 b\u00f6z k\u04d3rg\u04d3k 3. bolup tayk\u00fc \u00f6g\u04d3nd\u04d3ki ala\u00e7u (\u2026) 4. ala\u00e7usu birl\u04d3 basa togr\u0131l\u1e33a toguru toml\u0131\u1e6du satt\u0131mz \u201c(1) Tav\u015fan y\u0131l\u0131, on birinci ay \u2026 bana (2) Ozm\u0131\u015f\u2019a (ve) T\u00fckel\u2019e, biz ikimize, kullanmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6z laz\u0131m (3) olup Tayk\u00fc nehrindeki kul\u00fcbe (\u2026) (4) kul\u00fcbesiyle Basa Togr\u0131l\u2019a usul\u00fcne uygun do\u011fru bir \u015fekilde satt\u0131k.\u201d (Sa06).<\/p>\n

Uygur sivil belgelerinde ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131, konutlar\u0131n genel yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da bilgi verir. Buna g\u00f6re evler, \u00e7at\u0131 ve duvarlar\u0131yla zaman\u0131 i\u00e7in modern bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz etmektedirler. Metinlerde ge\u00e7en \u04d3nd\u04d3k9 \u201c\u00e7at\u0131, dam\u201d ve \u00c7ince lan10 \u201cbir t\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri bu modern g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme sahip evlerin yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir. Uygurlarda ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131yla ilgili olan bir ba\u015fka nokta ise duvarlard\u0131r. Metinlerde tam11 \u201cduvar\u201d ve taml\u0131\u012112 \u201cduvarl\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fckler de t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131 gibi Uygur mimarisinin yap\u0131s\u0131na i\u015faret eder. tam s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn
\nge\u00e7ti\u011fi iki metinden biri olan Sa13 metni, eksik olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 10. sat\u0131rda ge\u00e7en ta\u015f tam ibaresi duvarlar\u0131n in\u015fa malzemesi hakk\u0131nda bilgi verir. Buna g\u00f6re tam\u2019\u0131n in\u015fa malzemesi ta\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak burada tam s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle bir evin duvar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131 yoksa bir bah\u00e7enin duvar\u0131n\u0131n m\u0131 kast edildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. tam ile beraber konu etti\u011fimiz taml\u0131\u0121 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tam\u2019dan daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz:<\/p>\n

1. bars y\u0131l t\u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00e7 ay ygrmik\u04d3 ma\u014ba t\u00f6l\u04d3k t\u04d3m\u00fcrk\u04d3 sanl\u0131g 2. t\u0131yu\u1e33ta\u1e33\u0131 ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcgn\u00fc\u014b \u00f6\u014bd\u00fcn s\u0131\u014bar\u1e33\u0131 t\u04d3g\u1e93int\u00fcr\u00fc 3. taml\u0131g \u1e33avlal\u0131\u1e33\u0131mn\u0131 y\u04d3n\u04d3 \u00e7anggur ag\u0131zta\u1e33\u0131 yeti k\u00fcrilig yerimni \u201c(1) Kaplan y\u0131l\u0131, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131n yirmisinde. Bana, T\u00f6l\u04d3k T\u04d3m\u00fcr\u2019e ait (2) T\u0131yuk\u2019taki ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fu taraf\u0131ndaki etraf\u0131 \u00e7evrili (3) duvarl\u0131 sebze bah\u00e7emi yine \u00c7anggur Ag\u0131z\u2019daki 7 k\u00fcrilik yerimi (\u2026)\u201d (Mi28).<\/p>\n

Bu al\u0131nt\u0131dan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere bahsi ge\u00e7en taml\u0131\u0121, ya\u015fam alan\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok mimar\u00ee bir yap\u0131y\u0131 sergilemektedir. Buradan sebze bah\u00e7esinin \u00f6zel m\u00fclk s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda yer al\u0131p etraf\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7evrelendi\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

Turfan Uygurlar\u0131na ait duvar resimleri incelendi\u011finde ise \u201c\u00e7at\u0131\u201d ve \u201cduvar\u201dlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn sivil metinlere g\u00f6re daha a\u00e7\u0131k oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zlemlemekteyiz. Bezeklik 9 numaral\u0131 mabedin koridor duvarlar\u0131ndaki tablolar incelendi\u011finde, Tablo 17\u2019de kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde k\u0131vr\u0131k sa\u00e7akl\u0131 bir \u00e7at\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyorken bah\u00e7e duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek ve \u00fczerine dal \u015feklinde nak\u0131\u015flar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 103). Tablo 18\u2019de duvarlar\u0131n yine dal motifleriyle i\u015fli oldu\u011fu ve \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 ve ye\u015fil renkte oldu\u011fu belirmektedir (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 104). Tablo 19\u2019da k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 ye\u015fil renkte \u00e7at\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za tekrar \u00e7\u0131karken evin etraf\u0131n\u0131 saran duvarlar\u0131n beyaz badanal\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 105). Tablo 21\u2019de daha \u00f6ncekilerden farkl\u0131 olarak ye\u015fil-mavi renkte k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131 vard\u0131r, duvarlar yine beyaz badanal\u0131d\u0131r (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 106). Di\u011fer tablolarda da benzer \u015fekilde yer alan bu tasvirlerin ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi yukar\u0131da da bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00c7in el\u00e7isi Wang Yen-Te\u2019nin Uygur seyahatnamesindeki bilgilerle de \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. El\u00e7i, Uygur evlerinin beyaz badanal\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir ve bu durum duvar resimleriyle do\u011frulan\u0131r. \u201c\u00e7at\u0131\u201d ise duvar resimlerinde k\u0131vr\u0131ml\u0131
\nsa\u00e7aklara sahip bir \u015fekilde resmedilmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan evlerin \u00e7at\u0131 mimarisinde \u00c7in etkisinden bahsedilebilir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce sivil belgelerde \u201c\u00e7at\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan \u00c7ince lan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7lenmi\u015f olmas\u0131yla desteklenebilir. \u00d6yle ki \u00c7in tarz\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131 mimarisi sadece \u015feklen al\u0131nmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f ayn\u0131 zamanda Uygurcan\u0131n s\u00f6z da\u011farc\u0131\u011f\u0131na da girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uygur yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan bir ba\u015fka unsur ise metinlerde \u201ckiler, depo, ambar\u201d anlamlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerdir. Ernte1 metninde k\u04d3r\u04d3m13 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan bu unsur \u201ckiler, ambar\u201d olarak anlamland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak buradan k\u04d3r\u04d3m\u2019in evin i\u00e7inde mi yoksa d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda m\u0131 yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir bilgiye ula\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

98. to\u015f\u1e33an bolzun kedirdin turup 99. k\u00f6rd\u04d3\u00e7ik\u04d3 k\u04d3r\u04d3g\u00fc\u00e7\u04d3 k\u00f6\u1e93\u00fcn\u1e93\u00fcn 100. k\u04d3r\u04d3mk\u04d3 sa\u014b\u1e33a \u1e33udsa tur- \u201c(98) dolmu\u015f olsun bat\u0131da durup (99) g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7ad\u0131r g\u00f6z\u00fcks\u00fcn (100) kilere ambara d\u00f6kse\u201d (Ernte1).<\/p>\n

k\u04d3r\u04d3m\u2019in d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131\u012114 da metinlerde \u201cambar, depo\u201d anlamlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da al\u0131nt\u0131lanan Mi14 metninde ge\u00e7en a\u00e7\u0131\u0121 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ki\u015filere has bir ambar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz:<\/p>\n

1. bi\u00e7in y\u0131l birygrmin\u00e7 ay on ya\u014b\u0131\u1e33a biz 2. basa tmir k\u04d3d t\u015f a\u00e7\u0131\u0121\u1e33a \u1e33ud- 3. \u2013ar arpa k\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fint\u04d3 \u2018\u04d3dg\u00fc un\u0131nta- 4. \u2013\u1e33\u0131 bir \u015f\u0131\u0121 iki k\u00fcri arpan\u0131\u014b 5. \u00fc\u00e7 st\u0131r alt\u0131 ba\u1e33\u0131r k\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f 6. alt\u0131m\u0131z bu arpa-n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u0121\u1e33a k\u04d3l\u00fcr- 7. \u2013ip bir\u00fcrbiz \u201c(1) Maymun y\u0131l\u0131 on birinci ay(\u0131n) onunda biz (2) Basa Tmir ve K\u04d3d T\u015f ile ambara d\u00f6k\u00fcl- (3) -en arpan\u0131n (bedeli olan) g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden iyi unun da (4) bir \u015f\u0131\u0121 iki k\u00fcri arpan\u0131n (bedeli olan) (5) \u00fc\u00e7 st\u0131r alt\u0131 bak\u0131r g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (6) ald\u0131k. Bu arpay\u0131 depoya getir- (7) -ip veririz.\u201d (Mi14).<\/p>\n

Metinlerde olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan \u201cambar, depo\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki bir ba\u015fka s\u00f6zc\u00fck ise sa\u014b15\u2019d\u0131r. Ernte1 metninde k\u04d3r\u04d3mk\u04d3 sa\u014b\u1e33a \u015feklinde ikileme \u015feklinde kullan\u0131lan bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck, Ernte2 metniyle Mi15\u2019te de bu anlamda ge\u00e7mektedir. S\u00f6zc\u00fck, Ernte2 metninde sa\u014b oru ikilemesiyle g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir:<\/p>\n

61. [sa \u2026.] k\u00f6l\u00fckl\u04d3ri y\u00fcz bolup 62. s\u014blar\u0131 orular\u0131 mi\u014b to\u015f\u1e93un \u201c(61) [\u2026] y\u00fck hayvanlar\u0131 y\u00fcz (lerce) olup (62) ambarlar\u0131 bin(lerce) dolsun\u201d (Ernte2) Mi15\u2019te sa\u014b s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131z ge\u00e7mektedir:<\/p>\n

1. \u0131t y\u0131l \u00e7ax\u015fpat at be\u015f otuz\u1e33a in\u04d3\u00e7i-ni\u014b 2. sa\u014b\u1e33a \u1e33u\u1e0d\u0121an \u00fc\u00e7 (?) k\u00fcri \u00fc\u2019rni m\u04d3n ili\u00e7\u00fck 3. \u1e33utlu\u0121 b\u00fcrt biz ikig\u00fc alt\u0131m bu tam\u0121a biz 4. ikig\u00fcn\u00fc\u014b ol \u201c(1) K\u00f6pek y\u0131l\u0131(n\u0131n) son ay\u0131(n\u0131n) yirmi be\u015finde \u0130n\u04d3\u00e7\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (2) ambara d\u00f6kd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 k\u00fcri dar\u0131y\u0131 ben \u0130li\u00e7\u00fck (3) ve \u1e32utlu\u0121 B\u00fcrt, biz ikimiz ald\u0131k. Bu tamga biz(im) (4) ikimizindir.\u201d (Mi15).<\/p>\n

Uygur sivil belgelerinde \u201cambar, depo\u201d anlamlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan k\u04d3r\u04d3m, a\u00e7\u0131\u0121 ve sa\u014b s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin anlam farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 metinlerde \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k de\u011fildir. Bu sebeple yay\u0131mlayanlar s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 hemen hemen ayn\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak bu s\u00f6zc\u00fckler i\u00e7inde yer alan k\u04d3r\u04d3m s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn genel bir \u201cambar, depo\u201d anlam\u0131ndan ziyade \u201ckiler\u201d anlam\u0131nda ge\u00e7mesi di\u011ferlerine g\u00f6re Uygur ya\u015fam\u0131nda daha \u00f6zellikli bir yap\u0131 arz etti\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Sivil belgelerde ge\u00e7en bu \u201cambar, depo\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin mimar\u00ee yap\u0131daki yeri ve \u00f6zellikleri,
\narkeolojik kaz\u0131larla daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zerdim\u2019in Stein\u2019dan al\u0131nt\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fu k\u0131s\u0131mda Uygur mimarisinde \u201cdepo\u201dnun ya\u015fam alan\u0131na katk\u0131s\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetlenmi\u015ftir: \u201cKarahoca\u2019n\u0131n on mil g\u00fcneyinde \u2018Cong-hisar\u2019 (b\u00fcy\u00fck-hisar) harabelerinde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kemerli odalar, bodrumlar ve birbiri ard\u0131na gayrimuntazam bir halde s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f odalar bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu tarz yap\u0131 so\u011fu\u011fa, r\u00fczg\u00e2ra ve g\u00fcne\u015fe kar\u015f\u0131 idi.\u201d (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 112).<\/p>\n

Sivil Uygur belgelerinde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan ba\u015fka bir i\u00e7 unsur ise \u201ch\u00fccre, odac\u0131k\u201d anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan piryan16\u2019d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki al\u0131nt\u0131lanan metinde Toynak \u015eil\u04d3\u2019nin kendi h\u00fccresinden bahsedi\u015fi asl\u0131nda piryan\u2019\u0131n ki\u015fisel bir yap\u0131ya ait olan bir ya\u015fam alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir:<\/p>\n

10. [\u2026] m\u04d3n 11. toyna\u1e33 \u015fil\u04d3 ym\u04d3 minit\u04d3 so\u014b piryan\u0131mta\u1e33\u0131 12. n\u04d3g\u00fc orpa\u1e33\u0131m t\u04d3l\u00fck\u00fcm bar \u04d3rs\u04d3r o\u0121ulum 13. smbodu bil\u04d3 t\u00fcz \u00fcl\u04d3\u015fip alzunlar \u201cBen, Toyna\u1e33 \u015eil\u04d3, benden sonra h\u00fccremde ne kadar p\u0131l\u0131m p\u0131rt\u0131m var ise, o\u011flum Sambodu ile do\u011fru (\u015fekilde) payla\u015f\u0131p als\u0131nlar. \u201d (Ad02).<\/p>\n

Li Te-Y\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn mektuplar\u0131 da Uygurlardaki bir i\u00e7 mek\u00e2n olarak saray ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131n izini s\u00fcrmemizi sa\u011flar. 866 y\u0131l\u0131nda Be\u015fbal\u0131k b\u00f6lgesine ka\u00e7an Uygurlar bahsinde Uygur saray\u0131ndaki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131ktan bahsedilir (Wen-Shen 1967: 198). Uygurlardaki saray olu\u015fumuna \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutan bu ifade, bu tarihin \u00e7ok sonras\u0131nda da sivil belgelerde bir i\u00e7 unsur olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Metinlerde ge\u00e7en \u201cambar, hazine odas\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e3317 ve \u1e33\u0131zna\u1e3318\u2019\u0131n saraya ait mek\u00e2nlar s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz:<\/p>\n

\u1e33\u0131zna\u1e33 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn anlam\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki metinde \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k olmasa da genel bir \u201chazine, depo\u201d anlam\u0131nda ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bahsedilen durum bir bor\u00e7lu olma meselesidir:<\/p>\n

1. y\u0131rn[=y\u0131lan] y\u0131l alt\u0131n\u00e7 ay s\u04d3kiz ya\u014b\u0131\u1e33a m\u04d3n \u1e33utlu\u0121 2. yg\u04d3n tongatan y\u00fcz \u1e33anpu al\u0121u \u04d3rti bir XW 3. \u04d3lig \u1e33anpu\u1e33a \u1e33o\u00e7o(?)ta\u1e33\u0131 \u1e33\u0131zna\u1e33\u1e33a 4. sayu iki yo\u0121un b\u00f6z kir\u00fcr \u201c(1) Y\u0131lan y\u0131l\u0131 alt\u0131nc\u0131 ay(\u0131n) sekizinde ben \u1e32utlu\u0121 (2) Yg\u04d3n Tonga\u2019dan 100 \u1e33anpu alacak idim. 1 \u2026 (3) 50 \u1e33anpuya \u1e32o\u00e7odaki ambara her iki b\u00fcy\u00fck bez girer.\u201d(Lo04). a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise metinlerde \u201chazine\u201d anlam\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar:<\/p>\n

16. \u2026 bu yerni\u014b s\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u00f6\u014bt\u00fcn 17. y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33 sanl\u0131\u1e33 yer k\u00fcnt\u00fcn y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 ym\u04d3 a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e3318. sanl\u0131\u0121 yer ki\u1e0din y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 ym\u04d3 a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33 sanl\u0131\u1e33 yer ta\u0121t\u0131n 19. y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 ki\u00e7iky\u04d3 yeri at\u0131rar \u2026 \u201c(16) \u2026 bu yerin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131; do\u011fu (17) tarafta hazineye ait yer, g\u00fcney tarafta da hazine (18) odas\u0131na ait yer, bat\u0131 tarafta da hazine odas\u0131na ait yer, yine bat\u0131 tarafta hazine odas\u0131na ait yer, kuzey (19) tarafta Ki\u00e7iky\u04d3\u2019nin yeri ay\u0131r\u0131r.\u201d (Sa03).<\/p>\n

a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn metinlerde ge\u00e7en di\u011fer bir anlam\u0131 ise yukar\u0131daki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fc daha da destekleyen \u201ci\u00e7 hazine veya saray hazinesi\u201ddir:<\/p>\n

12. bir altun yasdu\u1e33 o\u0121lan tegit- 13.-l\u04d3rk\u04d3 bir\u04d3r k\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f yastu\u1e33 14. i\u00e7g\u04d3r\u00fc a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33\u1e33a bir yastu\u1e33 15. i\u00e7g\u04d3r\u00fc a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33\u1e33a bir at berip 16. a\u0121\u0131r \u1e33\u0131yn\u1e33a tgip s\u00f6zl\u04d3ri 17. yor\u0131mazun [\u2026] \u201c(12) Bir alt\u0131n yasdu\u1e33, gen\u00e7 \u015fehzadelere (13) birer g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f yasdu\u1e33, (14) i\u00e7 hazineye bir yasdu\u1e33, (15) i\u00e7 hazineye bir at verip, (16) a\u011f\u0131r cezaya \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p s\u00f6zleri (17) ge\u00e7ersiz olsun. [\u2026]\u201d (WP01).<\/p>\n

14. i\u00e7g\u04d3r\u00fc a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33\u1e33a bir altun yasdu\u1e33 \u1e24 15. \u1e33o\u00e7o b\u04d3gi\u014b\u04d3 bir at bal\u0131\u1e33 b\u04d3gi\u014b\u04d3 bir 16. ud berip a\u0121\u0131r \u1e33\u0131yn\u1e33a t\u04d3gz\u00fcn tanu\u1e33 \u201c(14) i\u00e7 hazineye bir alt\u0131n yasdu\u1e33 (15) \u1e32o\u00e7o beyine bir at, \u015fehir beyine bir (16) s\u0131\u011f\u0131r verip a\u011f\u0131r ceza ula\u015fs\u0131n tan\u0131k\u201d (WP02). Uygur sivil belgeleri bu sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7 mek\u00e2n unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra d\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2n unsurlar\u0131yla da bir yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam \u00e7er\u00e7evesi \u00e7izmektedir.<\/p>\n

b.D\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2na ait olan yerler<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u015eehir ve plan\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

840 sonras\u0131 Uygurlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmalar\u0131yla geldikleri yeni co\u011frafyada \u015fehirler kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. bal\u0131\u1e3319 ad\u0131 verilen \u015fehirler ve o \u015fehirlerin yerel y\u00f6neticileri metinlerde bir arada kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r20. \u00d6yle ki e\u011fer bir ki\u015fi cezaya \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lacak ise ceza\u00ee m\u00fceyyidelerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131ndan da kurulmu\u015f olan \u015fehrin yerel y\u00f6neticilerine pay ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da al\u0131nt\u0131lanan Ad01, WP02 ve Mi01 metinlerinde \u015fehrin valisi, beyi ve dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 taraflar aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131k sa\u011flanmas\u0131 durumunda ceza \u00f6denecek bir kurum olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za
\n\u00e7\u0131kar:<\/p>\n

13. \u00f6g\u00f6d\u04d3y s\u00fc\u00fcsi\u014b\u04d3 iki y\u00fcr\u00fc\u014b a\u1e6dan \u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcp amb\u0131 14. bal\u0131\u1e33 \u1e0daru\u0121alar\u0131\u014ba \u04d3d\u04d3rk\u04d3 yara\u015fu at berip \u00e7intso 15. aya\u0121\u1e33a t\u04d3gimligk\u04d3 birk\u04d3 iki berip a\u0121\u0131r \u1e33\u0131n\u1e33a 16. t\u04d3gir biz[\u2026] \u201c(13) \u00d6g\u00f6d\u04d3y\u2019in ha\u015fmetine iki beyaz deve sunup, Amb\u0131 (14) \u015fehrinin valilerine eyere uygun at verip, sayg\u0131de\u011fer \u00c7intso\u2019ya (15) bir (o\u011flan) i\u00e7in iki (o\u011flan) vererek a\u011f\u0131r (bir) cezaya (16) \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r\u0131z [\u2026]\u201d (Ad01).<\/p>\n

15. \u1e33o\u00e7o b\u04d3gi\u014b\u04d3 bir at bal\u0131\u1e33 b\u04d3gi\u014b\u04d3 bir 16. ud berip a\u0121\u0131r \u1e33\u0131yn\u1e33a t\u04d3gz\u00fcn tanu\u1e33 \u201c (15) \u1e32o\u00e7o beyine bir at, \u015fehir beyine (16) bir s\u0131\u011f\u0131r verip a\u011f\u0131r ceza \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131n. Tan\u0131k\u201d (WP02).<\/p>\n

18. \u00f6t\u00fcn\u00fcp \u0131du\u1e33\u1e33ut\u1e33a bir altun yastu\u1e33 19. k\u00f6g\u00fcr\u00fcp \u1e33o\u00e7o bal\u0131\u1e33 ay\u0121u\u00e7\u0131\u1e33a bir k\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f 20. yastu\u1e33 berip a\u0121\u0131r \u1e33\u0131yn\u1e33a t\u04d3gz\u00fcnl\u04d3r \u201csunup, Idu\u1e33\u1e33ut\u2019a bir alt\u0131n yastu\u1e33 sunup, \u1e32o\u00e7o \u015fehrinin dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131na bir g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f yasdu\u1e33 verip, a\u011f\u0131r ceza
\n\u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131ls\u0131nlar.\u201d (Mi01).<\/p>\n

bal\u0131\u1e33 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki metinde ise sahip oldu\u011fu bah\u00e7elerle kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar:<\/p>\n

1. \u1e33oy\u0131n y\u0131l aram ay on s\u04d3kizk\u04d3 biz in\u00e7 bu\u1e33a 2. aru\u0121 ik\u04d3g\u00fc t\u04d3rbi\u015f apam {..} (?) ym\u04d3(?) \u04d3rg\u04d3nt\u04d3 bitig 3. bertimiz \u04d3rti \u1e33o\u00e7ota\u1e33\u0131 taysa\u014b borlu\u1e33 bal\u0131\u1e33 4. borlu\u1e33 ta\u015ft\u0131n \u1e33a\u00e7 b\u00f6l\u00fck yerni\u014b sa\u1e6da\u0121\u0131 5. alt\u0131 y\u00fcz yasdu\u1e33 \u00e7ao i\u00e7indin y\u00fcz yasdu\u1e33 berip \u201cKoyun y\u0131l(\u0131n\u0131n) ilk ay\u0131 on sekizinde. Biz, \u0130n\u00e7 Bu\u1e33a (2) ve Aru\u1e33, ikimiz T\u04d3rbi\u015f Apam {..} da(?) \u00c4rg\u04d3n\u2019de senet (3) verdik. \u1e32o\u00e7o\u2019daki hazineye ait bah\u00e7e (ve) \u015fehre ait (4) bah\u00e7e d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki birka\u00e7 par\u00e7a yerin bedeli (olan) (5) 600 yastu\u1e33 \u00e7av i\u00e7inden y\u00fcz yastu\u1e33(\u0131n\u0131) verip\u201d (Mi17).<\/p>\n

Metinlerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan bir di\u011fer \u015fehri ifade eden s\u00f6zc\u00fck ise k\u04d3n (=k\u04d3nt)21\u2019dir. Sadece bir kez belirlenen bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u015fu \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 4. \u1e33ul k\u00fc\u014b yol\u0131nta y\u04d3n\u04d3 teginni\u014b k\u04d3n- 5. \u2013tin yin\u04d3 \u1e33aya\u1e33a yantut bolm\u0131\u015f n\u04d3g\u00fc kim 6. yol\u0131nta s\u04d3vin\u00e7 bu\u1e33a munta yo\u1e33 \u04d3rs\u04d3r \u201c(4) Kul cariye yolunda yine prensin kentini Yin\u04d3 \u1e32aya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olmu\u015f. Nas\u0131l ki S\u04d3vin\u00e7 Bu\u1e33a burada yok ise\u201d (WP06).<\/p>\n

Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f olan bu \u015fehirler \u201ccadde, sokak\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan \u1e33ay22\u2019larla \u00e7evrilidir ve bu yap\u0131lar s\u0131n\u0131r belirten bir unsur olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

2. ym\u04d3 t\u00fck\u04d3l alt\u0131m bu \u04d3vni\u014b s\u0131\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 \u1e33ap\u0131g\u0131 3. ulug \u1e33ayda ol \u00f6\u014bt\u00fcn y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 s\u0131rt\u0131g\u00e7\u0131 taz(?)n\u0131\u014b 4. \u04d3vi ol alt\u0131n y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 b\u04d3diz\u00e7i \u1e33apootu 5. y\u0131\u014ba\u1e33 yitmi\u015f tonga \u04d3vi bu \u04d3v i\u00e7int\u04d3 sas\u0131 ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131s\u0131 t\u00fck\u04d3l ol \u201c(2) Ben (K\u00fcl\u00fcg) eksiksiz, tam ald\u0131m. Bu evin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, kap\u0131s\u0131\u2026(3) b\u00fcy\u00fck caddededir. Do\u011fu taraf\u0131ndaki S\u0131rt\u0131g\u00e7\u0131 Taz\u2019\u0131n (4) evidir. Kuzey taraf(taki) B\u04d3diz\u00e7i \u1e32apootu\u2019nun (evidir). (5) (\u2026) taraf Yitmi\u015f Tonga\u2019n\u0131n evi(dir). Bu ev(in) i\u00e7inde kilidi anahtar\u0131 tamd\u0131r.\u201d (Sa18).<\/p>\n

Sivil belgelerin sundu\u011fu \u015fehir plan\u0131 arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla da uyu\u015fmaktad\u0131r: \u201cKaz\u0131lardan, \u015fehrin kare \u015feklindeki b\u00fcy\u00fck meydan\u0131, etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eviren duvar ve kuleleri ve b\u00fcy\u00fck iki caddesi meydana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu caddelerden biri do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya, di\u011feri de g\u00fcneyden kuzeye uzan\u0131p, sonra her ikisi de \u015fehrin merkezinde birle\u015fmektedir.\u201d (\u00d6zerdim 1958: 110).<\/p>\n

Uygur \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka unsuru ise k\u00f6pr\u00fcg23\u2019d\u00fcr. Mi28 metninde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcg s\u00f6z \u00f6be\u011fiyle belirlenmesi k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn ana malzemesinin ne oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda da bilgi vermektedir:<\/p>\n

1. bars y\u0131l t\u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00e7 ay ygrmik\u04d3 ma\u014ba t\u00f6l\u04d3k t\u04d3m\u00fcrk\u04d3 sanl\u0131g 2. t\u0131yu\u1e33ta\u1e33\u0131 ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcgn\u00fc\u014b \u00f6\u014bd\u00fcn s\u0131\u014bar\u1e33\u0131 t\u04d3g\u1e93int\u00fcr\u00fc 3. taml\u0131g \u1e33avlal\u0131\u1e33\u0131mn\u0131 y\u04d3n\u04d3 \u00e7anggur ag\u0131zta\u1e33\u0131 yeti k\u00fcrilig yerimni \u201c(1) Kaplan y\u0131l\u0131, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131n yirmisi. Bana, T\u00f6l\u04d3k T\u04d3m\u00fcr adl\u0131ya (2) T\u0131yuk\u2019taki ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fusundan s\u0131n\u0131ra ula\u015f\u0131ncaya (3) duvarl\u0131 sebze bah\u00e7emi yine \u00c7anggur Ag\u0131z\u2019\u0131ndaki yedi \u00f6l\u00e7ekli yerimi (\u2026)\u201d (Mi28).<\/p>\n

2. Tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ve plan\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Bir \u00fclkenin ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131; i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu co\u011fraf\u00ee konum, topra\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131s\u0131 ve verimlili\u011fi, su alanlar\u0131na yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve iklimin elveri\u015flili\u011fi ile do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilidir. T\u00fcm bu fakt\u00f6rlerin bir araya gelmesi Uygurlarda tar\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir u\u011fra\u015f oldu\u011funu akla getirir. Uygur sivil belgeleri de Uygurlarda tar\u0131m\u0131n olduk\u00e7a planl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015fledi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Sivil belgelerde tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan s\u00f6zc\u00fckler bunun ba\u015fl\u0131ca kan\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir24.<\/p>\n

Uygurlarda genel olarak tarlaya verilen adlar aras\u0131nda tar\u0131\u0121la\u012125 ve \u1e33\u0131ra, \u1e33\u0131raa26 kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n

27. tar\u0131\u0121la\u0121 yerl\u04d3rni\u014b e\u1e6dm\u04d3kin am\u0131rada\u00e7\u0131 28. irm\u04d3g\u00fcrm\u04d3kig a\u1e33lada\u00e7\u0131 ala tig\u00fck\u04d3 29. t\u04d3g\u00fcrm\u04d3din b\u00fcr\u00fcrd\u04d3\u00e7i s\u00f6n\u00fcks\u00fcz idi \u201c(27) Tarla yerlerinin haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131na sevinen (28) tembellik(ten) nefret eden kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir par\u00e7aya (29) ula\u015fmadan s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran daim\u00ee idi.\u201d (Ernte1).<\/p>\n

3. \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00f6rt y\u0131llart\u0131n b\u04d3r\u00fc b\u04d3kl\u04d3mi\u015f 4. ta\u014blan\u00e7\u0131\u0121 \u04d3\u1e0dg\u00fc bo tar\u0131\u0121la\u0121 yerl\u04d3rk\u04d3 5. tar\u0131\u0121\u0131n uru\u0121\u0131n sa\u00e7a turup 6. tar\u0121\u0131l \u1e33\u0131\u1e93\u0131l \u00f6k\u00fczl\u04d3rig 7. tart\u0131p k\u04d3l\u00fcr\u00fcp sapan\u1e33a \u1e33o\u015f\u1e6durup \u201c(3) \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6rt y\u0131ldan beri beklemi\u015f (4) hayret verici (\u015fekilde) iyi (olan) bu tarla yerler(in)e (5) dar\u0131y\u0131 tohumu sa\u00e7arak (6) da\u011f\u0131t! K\u0131z\u0131l \u00f6k\u00fczleri (7) \u00e7ekip getirip sabana ko\u015fturup\u201d (Ernte2).<\/p>\n

Metinlerde olduk\u00e7a fazla ge\u00e7en \u1e33\u0131ra, \u1e33\u0131raa ise \u015fu \u015fekillerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n

4. y\u04d3n\u04d3 t\u00f6rtkil \u00e7u\u0121da\u1e33\u0131 t\u00f6rt \u015f\u0131\u0121 yerimni y\u04d3n\u04d3 povu(?) \u1e33\u0131ra- 5. \u2013da\u1e33\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00e7\u04d3\u00e7\u04d3klikd\u04d3ki alt\u0131 \u015f\u0131\u0121 yerimni y\u04d3n\u04d3 alt\u0131n 6. \u00e7\u04d3\u00e7\u04d3klikd\u04d3ki t\u00f6rt \u015f\u0131\u0121 yerimni: ma\u014ba sanl\u0131\u0121 bu mun\u00e7a yerl\u04d3r- 7. \u2013imni ma\u014ba t\u00f6l\u04d3k t\u04d3m\u00fcrk\u04d3 yu\u014blu\u1e33l\u0131\u1e33 \u00e7ao yastu\u1e33 k\u04d3rg\u04d3k bolup \u201c(4) ayr\u0131ca T\u00f6rtkil \u00c7u\u0121\u2019daki 4 \u015f\u0131\u0121 arazimi, yine Povu tarlas\u0131ndaki (5) yukar\u0131 \u00e7i\u00e7eklikteki 6 \u015f\u0131\u0121 arazimi yine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (6) \u00e7i\u00e7eklikteki 4 \u015f\u0131\u0121 arazimi bana ait bu kadar arazilerimi (7) bana T\u00f6l\u04d3k T\u04d3m\u00fcr\u2019e kullanmaya \u00e7av yastu\u1e33 gerek olup\u201d (Mi28).<\/p>\n

Metinlerde Uygurlar\u0131n genel olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 tarlalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u201ctarla par\u00e7as\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda at\u0131z27 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de kulland\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Mi32 metni ba\u015ftan ve sondan olduk\u00e7a hasarl\u0131 olsa da b\u04d3d\u00fck at\u0131z \u201cb\u00fcy\u00fck tarla par\u00e7as\u0131\u201d ibaresinin bu metinde s\u0131k\u00e7a ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Yine benzer bir yap\u0131 olarak ulu\u0121 at\u0131z da Sa03 metninde s\u0131k\u00e7a ge\u00e7mektedir. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda at\u0131z s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yaln\u0131z ge\u00e7ti\u011fi \u00f6rnekler de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunlardan biri RH02 metnidir:<\/p>\n

1. \u0131t y\u0131l \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00e7 ay be\u015f ya\u014b\u0131\u1e33a ma\u014ba 2. at\u0131z \u2013yer- ya\u1e33a\u1e33an krg\u04d3k bolt\u0131 altm matay3. s\u00f6zl\u04d3\u015ftimz \u1e33o\u00e7o kidin yoryur \u1e33\u0131r\u1e33 \u201c(1) K\u00f6pek y\u0131l\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131n be\u015finde, bana (2) tarla par\u00e7as\u0131 kiralamak i\u00e7in gerekli Altm Matay (?) (3) s\u00f6zle\u015ftik. \u1e32o\u00e7o taraf\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli 40\u201d (RH02).<\/p>\n

Uygurlarda tarla niteliklerini ifade eden s\u00f6zc\u00fckler ise \u201can\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclmemi\u015f tarla\u201d i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan \u04d3\u014biz28 ve \u201ci\u015flenmi\u015f tarla\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki k\u00fcl\u04d3y29 dir.<\/p>\n

\u04d3\u014biz s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc daha \u00e7ok kiralama belgelerinde ge\u00e7mektedir. Bunlardan bir \u00f6rnek \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

1. ta\u1e33\u0131\u0121u y\u0131l ikin\u1e6di ay s\u04d3kiz ygrmik\u04d3 2. ma\u014ba il\u00e7ik\u04d3 tar\u0131\u0121 tar\u0131\u0121u yer k\u04d3rg\u04d3k 3. bolup \u1e33ay\u0131m\u1e0dun\u0131\u014b yol to\u0121anta\u1e33\u0131 yar\u0131m 4. \u04d3\u014biz yerin anu\u1e33\u1e33a tu\u1e6dtum \u201c(1) Tavuk y\u0131l\u0131, ikinci ay(\u0131n) on sekizinde (2) Bana, \u0130l\u00e7i\u2019ye dar\u0131 ekmek i\u00e7in arazi gerek (3) olup \u1e32ay\u0131m\u1e0du\u2019nun Yol To\u0121an\u2019daki yar\u0131m (4) an\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclmemi\u015f tarlas\u0131n\u0131 kiralad\u0131m.\u201d(RH07).<\/p>\n

k\u00fcl\u04d3y ise sadece bir metinde belirlenmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n

1. bi\u00e7in ay ram ay iki 2. ma\u014ba t\u0131ns\u0131du\u1e33a yer k\u04d3rg\u04d3k 3. \u00e7ik\u04d3zt\u04d3ki tar\u0131\u0121 n\u04d3\u1e6d\u04d3g 4. k\u00fcl\u04d3y yazl\u0131\u0121 k\u00fczl\u00fcg 5. yar\u0131m \u015f\u0131\u0121 tar\u0131\u0121 iki 6. \u00fcr ya\u1e33a birg\u00fc k\u04d3r\u04d3k(?) \u201c(1) Maymun y\u0131l\u0131, ilk ay(\u0131n) iki(nci) g\u00fcn\u00fcnde (2) Bana, T\u0131ns\u0131du\u2019ya arazi gerek olup (3) \u00c7ik\u04d3z\u2019deki dar\u0131 nas\u0131l (4) i\u015flenmi\u015f tarla yazl\u0131k g\u00fczl\u00fck (5) yar\u0131m \u015f\u0131\u0121 dar\u0131, 2 k\u00fcri (6) dar\u0131 kira kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 vermeye\u201d (RH06).<\/p>\n

Sivil belgelerde tarla \u00e7e\u015fidini belirten bu kadar \u00e7ok s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn var olmas\u0131n\u0131n elbette tar\u0131m\u0131n yo\u011fun bir u\u011fra\u015f olmas\u0131yla ilgilidir. Ger\u00e7ekten de Turfan Uygur \u015fehirlerinden Be\u015fbal\u0131k, \u201cTurfan havzas\u0131 ile \u00c7ungarya havzas\u0131 aras\u0131nda uzanan Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n (Tien \u015ean) do\u011fu kanad\u0131 Bogda da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n (5445 m.) kuzey eteklerinde, bu silsileden inen akarsular\u0131n y\u0131\u011fd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir piemont ovas\u0131nda, buzullarla beslenen \u0131rmaklar\u0131n sulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vahalarda kurulmu\u015f \u015fehirlerden biridir.\u201d (Erin\u00e7 1992: 551-552). Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n \u201cTopra\u011f\u0131 kumlu ve bal\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, fakat \u00e7ok iyi bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f
\noldu\u011fundan iyi mahsul al\u0131n\u0131r. \u00c7i\u00e7ek ve meyveleri boldur.\u201d (\u00d6zerdim 1951: 107). Hoten\u2019de ise durum pek farks\u0131z say\u0131lmaz: \u201cHoten Derya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 kanallarla sulanan b\u00f6lge topraklar\u0131nda meyvecilik, ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve pamuk\u00e7uluk geli\u015fmi\u015ftir.\u201d (Ta\u015fa\u011f\u0131l 1998:251). Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en t\u00fcm bu \u015fehirlerin \u00f6zellikleri Turfan Uygurlar\u0131nda tarlaya ad olan
\ns\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine sebep olmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca bu co\u011frafyada topra\u011f\u0131n verimlili\u011fi ve iklim \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n uygunlu\u011fu tar\u0131m\u0131 destekleyen bir unsur olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n

Sivil belgeler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Uygurlar\u0131n sulamal\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 bildiklerini de g\u00f6zlemlemekteyiz. Bu konuya ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zler suva\u1e33
\n30 \u201csulama kanal\u0131\u201d ve suva\u1e33l\u0131\u012131 \u201csulama kanall\u0131, ark\u201d \u015fekillerinde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. suva\u1e33 ve suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin
\nmetinlerde \u00f6g\u04d3n \u201cdere, nehir\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle s\u0131k s\u0131k bir arada ge\u00e7ti\u011fini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. suva\u1e33 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Sa13 metninde suva\u1e33 \u00f6g\u04d3n \u201csulama kanal\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7mektedir.<\/p>\n

suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 ise metinlerde olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k rastlanan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckt\u00fcr. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ilgi \u00e7ekici olan taraf\u0131 ise ya \u00f6g\u04d3n \u201cdere, nehir\u201d ya da k\u00f6l \u201cg\u00f6l\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fckleriyle beraber kullan\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc Sa03, Sa04, Sa09 ve Sa10 metinlerinde \u00f6g\u04d3n \u00fcz\u04d3 suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 yer ibaresiyle g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Burada anlat\u0131lmak istenen hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u201cnehir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda veya yak\u0131n\u0131nda sulanabilir bir arazi\u201ddir. Sa10 metninde ilgili k\u0131s\u0131m \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n

1. ta\u1e33\u0131\u0121u y\u0131l aram ay al\u1e6d\u0131 ya\u014b\u0131\u1e33a ma\u014ba sada-\u1e33a yu\u014blu\u1e33l\u0131\u1e33 2. b\u00f6z k\u04d3rg\u04d3k bolup suldan a\/\/\/t\u0131n y\u00fcz iki ba\u0121l\u0131\u1e33 u\u1e93un \u1e33ar\u0131ta 3. b\u00f6z al\u0131p \u015fuik\u00fc \u00f6g\u04d3n \u00fcz\u04d3 suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 surya birl\u04d3 \u00fcl\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcg 4. ma\u014ba t\u04d3g\u04d3r al\u1e6d\u0131 \u04d3r k\u00f6m\u04d3r borlu\u1e33umn\u0131 suldan PYM-\u1e33a to\u0121ru toml\u0131\u1e6du 5. sa\u1e6dt\u0131m \u2026 \u201c(1) Tavuk y\u0131l\u0131, ilk ay(\u0131n) alt\u0131nc\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcnde, bana Sada\u2019ya kullanmak i\u00e7in (2) b\u00f6z gerek olup Sultan A\/\/\/\u2019dan 100 (adet) \u00e7ift katl\u0131 uzun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde (3) b\u00f6z al\u0131p \u015euik\u00fc kanal\u0131ndaki sulamal\u0131, Surya ile hisseli (4) bana ait 6 amelelik ba\u011f\u0131m\u0131 Suldan PYM\u2019ye usul\u00fcne uygun olarak (5) satt\u0131m.\u201d (Sa10).<\/p>\n

WP04 metninde ve Mi25 metninde ise k\u00f6l \u00fcz\u04d3 suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 yer \u201cg\u00f6l yak\u0131n\u0131nda(ki) sulama kanall\u0131 yer\u201d ibaresini g\u00f6rmekteyiz:<\/p>\n

20. \/\/\/i \u015f\u0131\u0121 k\u00f6s\u00fcr yer 21. k\u00f6l \u00fcz\u04d3 suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 on \u015f\u0131\u0121 yer 22. bu yerl\u04d3rni s\u0131\u1e33\u0131du m\u04d3diz bil\u04d3 23. t\u04d3\u014b yez\u00fcn \u201c(20) \/\/\/i \u015f\u0131\u0121 toprak arazi (21) g\u00f6lde sulama kanall\u0131 10 \u015f\u0131\u0121 arazi (22) bu arazileri S\u0131\u1e33\u0131du, M\u04d3diz ile (23) e\u015fit kullans\u0131n.\u201d (Mi25).<\/p>\n

Buradan g\u00f6r\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi Turfan Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n nehir, g\u00f6l gibi su kaynaklar\u0131ndan, kanallar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla su ta\u015f\u0131yarak suyun daha az oldu\u011fu alanlarda da tar\u0131ma elveri\u015flili\u011fi artt\u0131rmak ad\u0131na \u00e7e\u015fitli faaliyetlerde bulunduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Sulama tekni\u011finin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece tar\u0131m yapmay\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmakla kalmaz ayn\u0131 zamanda al\u0131nan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn verimini de art\u0131rmay\u0131 sa\u011flar. Uygur sivil belgelerinde ge\u00e7memesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Uygurlarda konuyla ilgili olarak anmam\u0131z gereken kariz olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yer alt\u0131 su kanallar\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6rmekteyiz. A. v. Le Coq, TurfanKaraho\u00e7a\u2019ya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci ke\u015fif seferinde kariz\u2019in daha \u00e7ok Budist d\u00f6nemde mi yoksa yeni d\u00f6nemin mi bir giri\u015fimi oldu\u011funa karar vermeye cesaret edemedi\u011finden bahseder ve hala bu t\u00fcr kariz\u2019lerin in\u015fa edildi\u011fini, hatta Kumul\u2019daki ziyareti
\nesnas\u0131nda Turfan\u2019dan bir su \u00e7ift\u00e7isinin Kumul\u2019un kral\u0131 i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 kariz yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisini ekler (Coq 1926: 38). Buradan gerek suva\u1e33 gerekse kariz kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Uygurlarda ge\u00e7mi\u015ften g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze sulama faaliyetlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na birer i\u015faret oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n

Metinlerden Uygurlar\u0131n ba\u011f bah\u00e7e k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne dair bilgilere de ula\u015fmaktay\u0131z. Uygurlar\u0131n hasad\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin ekiminin yan\u0131nda s\u00fcs bitkileri yeti\u015ftirdiklerini de g\u00f6rmekteyiz. ba\u012132, borlu\u1e3333, \u1e33avlal\u0131\u1e3334 s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri bize Uygur tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131 ve \u00fcr\u00fcnleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi verirken; \u00e7\u04d3\u00e7\u04d3klik35 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise Uygurlardaki \u00e7i\u00e7ek yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutar.<\/p>\n

27. yeri\u014b\u04d3 suv\u0131\u014ba ba\u0121\u0131\u014ba borlu\u1e33- 28. \u2013\u0131\u014ba n\u04d3g\u00fcsi\u014b\u04d3 kimi\u014b\u04d3 basa in\u00e7 29. \u1e33yani o\u0121lum \/\/\/\/\/(.)P an\u0131\u014b \u04d3di\u014b\u04d3 30. tvar\u0131\u014ba n\u04d3si\u014b\u04d3 kimi\u014b\u04d3 bu bitig- 31. \u2013t\u04d3ki bermi\u015f \u201c(27) yerine suyuna bah\u00e7esine \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131na (28) neyine kimine bundan ba\u015fka \u0130n\u00e7 (29) \u1e33ya\u2019y\u0131 \/\/\/\/\/ (.)P onun (30) mal\u0131na nesine kimine bu yaz\u0131daki vermi\u015f.\u201d (WP06).<\/p>\n

Metinlerde ge\u00e7en \u1e33avlal\u0131\u1e33\u2019\u0131n etraf\u0131n\u0131n duvarlarla \u00e7evrili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz:<\/p>\n

1. bars y\u0131l t\u00f6rt\u00fcn\u00e7 ay ygrmik\u04d3 ma\u014ba t\u00f6l\u04d3k t\u04d3m\u00fcrk\u04d3 sanl\u0131g 2. t\u0131yu\u1e33ta\u1e33\u0131 ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcgn\u00fc\u014b \u00f6\u014bd\u00fcn s\u0131\u014bar\u1e33\u0131 t\u04d3g\u1e93int\u00fcr\u00fc 3. taml\u0131g \u1e33avlal\u0131\u1e33\u0131mn\u0131 y\u04d3n\u04d3 \u00e7anggur ag\u0131zta\u1e33\u0131 yeti k\u00fcrilig yerimni \u201c(1) Kaplan y\u0131l\u0131, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ay\u0131n yirmisinde. Bana, T\u00f6l\u04d3k T\u04d3m\u00fcr\u2019e ait (2) T\u0131yuk\u2019taki ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fu taraf\u0131ndaki etraf\u0131 \u00e7evrili (3) duvarl\u0131 sebze bah\u00e7emi yine \u00c7anggur Ag\u0131z\u2019daki 7 k\u00fcrilik yerimi (\u2026)\u201d (Mi28).<\/p>\n

4. y\u04d3n\u04d3 t\u00f6rtkil \u00e7u\u0121da\u1e33\u0131 t\u00f6rt \u015f\u0131\u0121 yerimni y\u04d3n\u04d3 povu(?) \u1e33\u0131ra- 5. \u2013da\u1e33\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcn \u00e7\u04d3\u00e7\u04d3klikd\u04d3ki alt\u0131 \u015f\u0131\u0121 yerimni y\u04d3n\u04d3 alt\u0131n 6. \u00e7\u04d3\u00e7\u04d3klikd\u04d3ki t\u00f6rt \u015f\u0131\u0121 yerimni: ma\u014ba sanl\u0131\u0121 bu mun\u00e7a yerl\u04d3r- 7. \u2013imni ma\u014ba t\u00f6l\u04d3k t\u04d3m\u00fcrk\u04d3 yu\u014blu\u1e33l\u0131\u1e33 \u00e7ao yastu\u1e33 k\u04d3rg\u04d3k bolup \u201c(4) ayr\u0131ca T\u00f6rtkil \u00c7u\u0121\u2019daki 4 \u015f\u0131\u0121 arazimi, yine Povu tarlas\u0131n- (5) -daki yukar\u0131
\n\u00e7i\u00e7eklikteki 6 \u015f\u0131\u0121 arazimi, yine a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 (6) \u00e7i\u00e7eklikteki 4 \u015f\u0131\u0121 arazimi, bana ait bu kadar arazi- (7) \u2013mi, bana T\u00f6l\u04d3k T\u04d3m\u00fcr\u2019e kullan\u0131lacak \u00e7av yastu\u1e33 gerek olup\u201d (Mi28). Metinlerde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan bir ba\u015fka unsur ise tah\u0131l saklanan \u00e7ukur i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ora36\u2019d\u0131r:<\/p>\n

95. \u1e33umlayu \u1e33ov\u1e93un \u1e33orum \u1e33aya 96. t\u04d3g y\u0131\u0121\u0131l\u1e93un ta\u0121 t\u04d3g t\u04d3lim 97. bu\u0121day bolzun ora\u1e33a \u1e33oymaz\u1e33an 98. to\u015f\u1e33an bolzun kedirdin turup 99. k\u00f6rd\u04d3\u00e7ik\u04d3 k\u04d3r\u04d3g\u00fc\u00e7\u04d3 k\u00f6\u1e93\u00fcn\u1e93\u00fcn \u201c(95) kum gibi s\u00fcrs\u00fcn kaya (96) gibi biriksin da\u011f gibi \u00e7ok (97) bu\u011fday olsun tah\u0131l saklanan \u00e7ukura koymazken (98) dolmu\u015f olsun bat\u0131da durup (99) g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u00e7ad\u0131r g\u00f6z\u00fcks\u00fcn\u201d (Ernte1).<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

840 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00fclkelerini terk etmek durumunda kalan Uygurlar, bat\u0131ya ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fuya g\u00f6\u00e7erek yerle\u015ftikleri co\u011frafyada k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesi olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek olan devletler kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu co\u011frafya, Uygurlardan \u00f6nce de bir\u00e7ok toplulu\u011fa ev
\nsahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7erisinde bir\u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcr katman\u0131n\u0131 bar\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgenin bu denli \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc olu\u015fu ve ikliminin uygunlu\u011fu Uygurlar\u0131n burada yerle\u015fik bir hayata ba\u015flamalar\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygurlar\u0131n yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131 se\u00e7melerinde elbette bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok fakt\u00f6r vard\u0131r. Ancak tabiat\u0131n uygunlu\u011funun bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli etken oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Kendilerinden sonrakilere \u00e7ok fazla yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynak b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olan Uygurlar, \u00f6zellikle sivil belgelerle d\u00f6nemin sosyal ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131na \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekten de sivil belgeler incelendi\u011finde Uygur \u015fehir ya\u015fam\u0131na dair \u00e7ok fazla s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, i\u00e7 mek\u00e2n unsurlar\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f mek\u00e2n unsurlar\u0131 \u015feklinde iki ba\u015fl\u0131kta incelenmi\u015f ve hem d\u00f6nemin seyahatnamelerinde ge\u00e7en bilgilerle hem de arkeolojik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla desteklenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bize Uygur sivil ya\u015fam\u0131nda ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan i\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131na kadar geni\u015f bilgi vermektedir. Ancak s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ya\u015famla ilgili t\u00fcm s\u00f6zlere rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeri geldi\u011finde an\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman bir sat\u0131\u015f belgesinde bazen de bir miras belgesinde ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zc\u00fckler Uygurlar\u0131n sosyal hayatta nelerle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e oldu\u011funu \u00f6zetler.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6stergesi \u015f\u00fcphesiz s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin k\u00f6keni meselesidir. \u0130ncelenen metinlerden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sa, ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131, ala\u00e7u, lan, sa\u014b, piryan, \u1e33\u0131zna\u1e33, k\u04d3n (=k\u04d3nt), \u1e33ay, \u1e33\u0131ra, \u1e33\u0131raa, ba\u0121, \u1e33avlal\u0131\u1e33 gibi s\u00f6zlerin yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu durum Uygur mimarisindeki yabanc\u0131 etkisini g\u00f6stermektedir. \u00d6zellikle sa, ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131, lan, kay gibi s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin kom\u015fu dillerden al\u0131nt\u0131lanmas\u0131 Uygur mimarisinin \u00e7evre k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere kapal\u0131 bir yap\u0131da olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve mimaride \u00c7in tesirinin etkili oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Uygurlarda \u2013sivil belgeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda- \u00e7izilen ya\u015fam alanlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bu d\u00f6nemden kalma duvar resimleri ve seyyahlar\u0131n seyahatnamelerindeki bilgilerle
\nuyu\u015ftu\u011funu g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Uygur evleri, duvarlar\u0131, kap\u0131lar\u0131, kap\u0131lar\u0131n kilitleri, \u00e7at\u0131lar\u0131 olan, kiler ve depolar\u0131yla bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck olu\u015fturan mimari yap\u0131lar olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Caddelerle b\u00f6l\u00fcmlendirilmi\u015f, b\u00fcy\u00fck kap\u0131lar ve ta\u015f k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f Uygur \u015fehirlerinin olduk\u00e7a d\u00fczenli ve bay\u0131nd\u0131r bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz etti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Tar\u0131m ise hem hasad\u0131 yap\u0131lan \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hem de s\u00fcs bitkilerinin yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi ile olduk\u00e7a ileri durumdad\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n verimlili\u011fi i\u00e7in sulama tekni\u011finin yo\u011fun olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm bu unsurlar, T\u00fcrk tarihinde y\u00fcksek k\u00fclt\u00fcr seviyesine ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Uygurlardaki yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklara ne denli yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131klamalar:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1 Tasnif i\u00e7in bkz. Tezcan 1984.
\n2 Tarihlendirme i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bkz. Clark 1980.<\/p>\n

3 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n korpusunu olu\u015fturan Uygur sivil belgelerinin iml\u00e2s\u0131nda sadele\u015ftirmeye gidilmi\u015ftir ve metinlere at\u0131f yap\u0131l\u0131rken yeni okuma \u015fekilleri dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygur sivil belgeleriyle di\u011fer din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 metinlerin hepsinin s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelendi\u011fi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7in de ayr\u0131ca bkz. Civelek 2005.<\/p>\n

4 \u04d3v SUK Sa18-2,5,6,7,13,21, WP10-2-7, WP04-24, Mi05-2, Sa18-4,5, WP01-5, Em01- 10,11,12, Sa12-13, WP02-12 ve Ad03-14\u2019ta rastlanan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201ckonut, ev\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de temelde \u201coturulan yer\u201d olan \u201cev, mesken\u201d anlamlar\u0131yla ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn (Clauson 1972: 3), tarih\u00ee ve \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f T\u00fcrk dillerinde baz\u0131 ses
\nde\u011fi\u015fiklikleriyle ayn\u0131 anlamda ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz.<\/p>\n

5 bark SUK\u2019ta Em01-10, Ad03-14 ve Sa12-13\u2019te ve hepsinde de \u04d3v bar\u1e33 ikilemesiyle ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201c\u04d3v\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bar isminden geldi\u011fi \u201cta\u015f\u0131nabilir mal, eve ait e\u015fyalar\u201d anlam\u0131nda ve tek ba\u015f\u0131na hemen hi\u00e7 g\u00f6r\u00fclmeyen bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u201cev ve eve ait e\u015fyalar\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki ev bark
\nikilemesiyle kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 359).<\/p>\n

6 sa SUK Sa18-6\u2019da sas\u0131 ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u015feklinde ikileme olarak ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u00f6keninin \u00c7ince suo oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f ve anlam\u0131 ise \u201ckilit\u201d olarak verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de so \u015feklinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00c7ince\u2019den al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u201czincir, kilit\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir (Clauson 1972: 781). ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131 SUK Sa18-6\u2019da sas\u0131 ya\u1e33\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u015feklinde ikileme \u015feklinde ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00c7ince yao chi\u2019den al\u0131nt\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f ve anlam\u0131 ise \u201ckilit, anahtar\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

7 \u1e33ap\u0131\u0121 Ernte2-68 ve SUK Lo03-3, Mi20-13 ve Sa18-2\u2019de ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201ckap\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7mektedir. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fck *kap-\u0131\u0121 \u015feklinde tahlil edilmi\u015f ve bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ikinci \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn esasen \u2013\u0131- ile oldu\u011fu, Manihaist Uygur metinlerinde ise \u2013a\u015feklinde oldu\u011fu ve sonralar\u0131 dudak \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn etkisiyle \u2013u-\u2018ya de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 583).<\/p>\n

8 ala\u00e7u SUK Sa06-3 ve Sa06-4\u2019te iki kez ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201ckul\u00fcbe, baraka\u201d olarak anlamland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fck, ala:\u00e7u \u015feklinde g\u00f6sterilerek s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe \u201c\u00e7ad\u0131r, kul\u00fcbe\u201d anlam\u0131 verilir. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn daha sonralar\u0131 \u2013k sesiyle biti\u015findeki tutars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n al\u0131nt\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fck olmas\u0131ndan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenir (Clauson 1972: 129). S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn eski bir al\u0131nt\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funa ve tarih\u00ee ve ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk dillerindeki \u015fekilleriyle etimolojik a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131na TMEN II\u2019de de\u011finilmi\u015ftir (Doerfer II 1965: 97).<\/p>\n

9 \u04d3nd\u04d3k S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe Ernte1-44\u2019te \u201c\u00e7at\u0131, dam\u201d anlam\u0131nda rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de tek \u015fekil olarak belirtilen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe DLT\u2019de \u201csat\u0131h, bir nesnenin \u00fcst yan\u0131\u201d anlamlar\u0131nda rastland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 177).<\/p>\n

10 lan SUK WP04-17\u2019de ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201cbir t\u00fcr \u00e7at\u0131, ah\u015fap \u00f6rt\u00fc\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015f ve k\u00f6ken bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00c7ince lan\u2019dan geldi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe EDPT\u2019de rastlanmaz.<\/p>\n

11 tam SUK Sa13-10 ve Sa15-1\u2019de ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201cduvar\u201d anlam\u0131nda verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de esasen \u201c(tu\u011fladan veya \u00e7amurdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f) duvar\u201d anlam\u0131 verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn bug\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn modern dillerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve anlam geni\u015flemesine u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir (Clauson 1972: 502).<\/p>\n

12 taml\u0131\u0121 SUK Mi28-3\u2019te ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe \u201cduvarl\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan tam+l\u0131\u0121 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k olan s\u00f6zc\u00fck hakk\u0131nda EDPT\u2019de Uygurca \u00f6rne\u011fe i\u015faret edilir (Clauson 1972: 506).<\/p>\n

13 k\u04d3r\u04d3m Ernte1-100\u2019de soru i\u015fareti konularak \u201ckiler\u201d anlam\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtilen bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck, EDPT\u2019de tek bi\u00e7im olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f ve \u015f\u00fcphesiz yabanc\u0131 k\u00f6kenli bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn belki Toharcadan oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 745). S\u00f6zc\u00fck, tarih\u00ee T\u00fcrk dillerinden Karahanl\u0131ca\u2019da, DLT\u2019de \u201cizbe, yer alt\u0131nda kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan izbe\u201d (Atalay-I 1985: 398) \u015feklinde ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

14 a\u00e7\u0131\u0121 SUK Mi14-2, 6\u2019da tespit edilen bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 yay\u0131mlayanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u201cambar, depo\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir ve \u00c7ince sa\u014b, tsa\u014b ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. UigWb ve EDPT\u2019deki anlam, metindeki anlamla uyu\u015fmaz. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe tarih\u00ee T\u00fcrk dili alan\u0131nda bu anlamda rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

15 sa\u014b Ernte1-100, Ernte2-62 ve SUK Mi15-2\u2019de ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201cambar, depo\u201d anlamlar\u0131nda \u00c7ince z\u00e0\u014b s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden al\u0131nt\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

16 piryan SUK Ad02-11\u2019de \u201ch\u00fccre, odac\u0131k\u201d \u015feklinde anlamland\u0131r\u0131lan bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u00f6keni yay\u0131mlayanlar taraf\u0131ndan Toharca pary\u0101\u1e43 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

17 a\u0121\u0131l\u0131\u1e33 SUK Sa03-17(2), 2, Sa11-18, WP01-14,15 ve WP02-14\u2019te ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201cambar, hazine odas\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n a\u0121\u0131 +l\u0131k \u015feklinde oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Budist teknik terminolojisinde, \u00c7ince t\u2019sa\u014b\u2019\u0131n terc\u00fcmesi olan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Sanskrit\u00e7esi garbha \u201chazine\u201d \u015feklindedir (Clauson 1972: 86).<\/p>\n

18 \u1e33\u0131zna\u1e33 SUK Lo04-3\u2019te ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201chazine odas\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de kaznak \u015feklinde ve \u201chazine\u201d anlam\u0131nda verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, Arap\u00e7a bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck olan xaz\u012bna\u2019n\u0131n, T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin baz\u0131 Orta \u0130ran dillerinden ve benzeri dillerden \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kaznak haline gelmi\u015f bir s\u00f6zc\u00fck gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belirtilir (Clauson 1972: 684).<\/p>\n

19 bal\u0131\u1e33 SUK Ad01-14, WP02-15, Mi01-19, Mi17-3 ve Mi25-19\u2019da ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201c\u015fehir\u201d olarak verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u201c\u015fehir\u201d anlam\u0131 verilerek, Eski T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede bir yer ad\u0131 ile birle\u015fik olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Mo\u011folca\u2019da bala\u011fasun (\u00e7o\u011fulu bala\u011fad) oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 335).<\/p>\n

20 \u00d6zellikle bal\u0131k kavram\u0131 i\u00e7in E. Esin\u2019in \u201cBal\u0131q and Ordu. The Early Turkish Circumvallations, in Architectural Aspects\u201d isimli makalesine bak\u0131labilir. Esin, bu yaz\u0131da tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7te hem edeb\u00ee \u00fcr\u00fcnlerde hem de sanat eserlerinde bal\u0131k ve ordu kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n izini s\u00fcrerek mimar\u00ee yap\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermektedir. (Esin 1983: 168-208).<\/p>\n

21 k\u04d3n (=k\u04d3nt(?)) SUK WP06-4\u2019te ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe \u201c\u015fehir\u201d anlam\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn So\u011fdca kn\u1e0f s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden al\u0131nt\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve genelde kent \u201ck\u00f6y, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi\u201d \u015feklinde \u00e7o\u011fu modern dillerde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 724).<\/p>\n

22 \u1e33ay SUK Sa18-3,13\u2019te ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201ccadde, sokak\u201d anlam\u0131nda verilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca EDPT\u2019de \u201ccadde, sokak\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u201ccadde\u201d anlam\u0131ndaki \u00c7ince chieh s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden al\u0131nt\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve eski \u00c7incedeki \u015feklinin \u1e33\u0101i oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 674).<\/p>\n

23 k\u00f6pr\u00fcg SUK Mi28-2\u2019de ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201ck\u00f6pr\u00fc\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u00f6p\u00fcr- eylemiyle a\u00e7\u0131k bir semantik ili\u015fkisinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u00f6zc\u00fck Mo\u011folcada \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7leme olarak ke\u00fcr\u2019ge \u015feklindedir (Clauson 1972:690). S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn di\u011fer dillerle ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7in bkz. TMEN III: 585.<\/p>\n

24 Bu noktada an\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken en kapsaml\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma B\u00fclent G\u00fcl taraf\u0131ndan 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanan Eski T\u00fcrk Tar\u0131m Terimleri isimli doktora tezidir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada tarih\u00ee T\u00fcrk dilleri ekseninde, gerek Budist ve Manihaist gerekse \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee \u00e7evrede T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f eserlerdeki tar\u0131m terimleri hem k\u00f6ken bilgisi hem de semantik a\u00e7\u0131dan incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

25 tar\u0131\u0121la\u0121 Ernte1-27 ve Ernte2-3 metninde ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201ctarla\u201d olarak anlamland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tar\u0131\u0121+la- eyleminden t\u00fcredi\u011fi belirtilerek anlam\u0131n\u0131n \u201cekili alan\u201d oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 541; bkz. G\u00fcl 2012: 99-120).<\/p>\n

26 \u1e33\u0131ra, \u1e33\u0131raa SUK Sa12-3, Mi28-4, Sa02-3, WP04-6,7, Mi25-11,12, Mi25-10 ve WP04- 19\u2019da ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201ctarla, ekin yeri\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir. TMEN III-1598:567-568\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn Mo\u011folca oldu\u011fu belirtilir.<\/p>\n

27 at\u0131z SUK Sa03-20\/Sa13-9\/RH02-2, Mi32-3,6,8,10 ve Sa07-21\u2019de ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201ctarla par\u00e7as\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde anlamland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de \u201ck\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck tarla\u201d anlam\u0131 verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn g\u00fcneydo\u011fu T\u00fcrk dillerinde bu ve benzeri anlamlarda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir (Clauson 1972:73). UigWb\u2019de s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201ckanal, sulama kanal\u0131\u201d ve \u201cparsel, tarla par\u00e7as\u0131\u201d olarak verilmi\u015ftir (R\u00f6hrborn 1988: 260).<\/p>\n

28 \u04d3\u014biz SUK RH07-4, RH08-4, RH10-6,11, Lo15-9, Mi20-13,14, Mi22-6, Mi32-5, Sa09-8,15, Ex02-3, RH05-7, RH06-7, RH09-3 ve RH11-5,7\u2019de ge\u00e7en \u201can\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclmemi\u015f tarla, an\u0131z\u201d anlamlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck, EDPT\u2019de a\u014b\u0131z \u201can\u0131zl\u0131 tarla\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tarih\u00ee T\u00fcrk dillerinde kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 191). S\u00f6zc\u00fck,
\nUigWb\u2019de \u201can\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6k\u00fclmemi\u015f tarla\u201d anlam\u0131yla verilmi\u015ftir (R\u00f6hrborn 1998: 387).<\/p>\n

29 k\u00fcl\u04d3y SUK RH06-4\u2019te \u201ci\u015flenmi\u015f tarla\u201d \u015feklinde anlamland\u0131r\u0131lan s\u00f6zc\u00fck, EDPT\u2019de yer almaz.<\/p>\n

30 suva\u1e33 SUK Sa13-7\u2019de \u201csulama kanal\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131yla ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck, EDPT\u2019de suwuk (suvuk) \u015feklinde ge\u00e7mekte ve ge\u00e7i\u015fsiz suva- eyleminden yap\u0131lan bu isimle, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u201cak\u0131\u015fkan, s\u0131v\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir (Clauson 1972: 786).<\/p>\n

31 suva\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 SUK\u2019ta suv\u1e33l\u0131\u0121 \u015fekline de yer verilen bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck Sa03-3\/Sa04-3,20\/Sa09- 19\/Sa10-3\/WP04-9,20,21 ve Mi25-21 metinlerinde ge\u00e7mektedir. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201csulama kanall\u0131, ark\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de suvukl\u0131k \u015feklinde verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn tek bi\u00e7im oldu\u011fu ve suvuk s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden geldi\u011fini belirterek \u201cs\u0131v\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade
\nedilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 787). Ayr\u0131ca s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. Erdal I 1991: 346.<\/p>\n

32 ba\u0121 SUK Sa16-8 ve WP06-27\u2019de ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fck i\u00e7in \u201cba\u011f, bah\u00e7e\u201d anlamlar\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de bu Fars\u00e7a b\u0101\u0121 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrk\u00e7ede \u201cbah\u00e7e\u201d anlam\u0131nda \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7lendi\u011fini ancak, esasen \u201cba\u011f, \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 311).<\/p>\n

33 borlu\u1e33 SUK\u2019ta yayg\u0131n bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe \u201c\u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bor+lu\u1e33 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de sivil Uygur belgelerine g\u00f6nderme yap\u0131larak s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131n\u0131n \u201cba\u011f, \u00fcz\u00fcm ba\u011f\u0131\u201d oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972:365).<\/p>\n

34 \u1e33avlal\u0131\u1e33 SUK Ex01-7,22,24, Mi20-14, Mi25-14 ve Mi28-3\u2019te ge\u00e7en bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201csebze bah\u00e7esi\u201d olarak verilmi\u015ftir. EDPT\u2019de \u1e33awlal\u0131k (veya \u1e33avlal\u0131k) \u015feklindeki bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn muhtemelen \u00c7inceden al\u0131nt\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. (Clauson 1972: 585). S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u1e33avla+l\u0131\u1e33 \u015feklinde oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

35 \u00e7\u04d3\u00e7\u04d3klik SUK Mi28-5,6\u2019da ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011fe \u201c\u00e7i\u00e7eklik\u201d anlam\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u04d3\u00e7\u04d3k+lik \u015feklinde oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de Uygur sivil belgelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn DLT ve KB\u2019de de g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne de\u011finilmi\u015f ve s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn anlam\u0131 \u201c\u00e7i\u00e7ek bah\u00e7esi\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 402).<\/p>\n

36 ora Ernte1-97\u2019de ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zc\u00fck \u201ctah\u0131l saklan\u0131lan \u00e7ukur\u201d anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. EDPT\u2019de \u201ctopra\u011fa kaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir depolama \u00e7ukuru\u201d anlam\u0131 verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn asl\u0131nda son \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn \u2013o olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n (-a, -o, -u) son \u00fcnl\u00fcleriyle kuzey-bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcney-bat\u0131 T\u00fcrk dilleri hari\u00e7 \u00e7o\u011fu T\u00fcrk dilinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (Clauson 1972: 197).<\/p>\n

K\u0131saltmalar<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u0130A: T\u00fcrkiye Diyanet Vakf\u0131 \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi
\nDLT: D\u012bv\u0101nu Lu\u0121\u0101ti\u2019t-Turk, bkz. Atalay 1939-1943
\nDTCF: Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi
\nEDPT: An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish, bkz. Clauson 1972
\nErnte1: Ein uigurischer Erntesegen, bkz. Zieme 1975
\nErnte2: Ein weiterer uigurischer Erntesegen, bkz. Moln\u00e1r 1989
\nKB: Kutadgu Bilig
\nSUK: Sammlung uigurischer Kontrakte, bkz. Yamada 1993
\nTMEN: T\u00fcrkische und mongolische Elemente im neupersischen, bkz. Doerfer 1963-1975
\nUigWb: Uigurisches W\u00f6rterbuch, bkz. R\u00f6hrborn 1977-1998<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

ATALAY, Besim (\u00e7ev.) (1939(1)-1940(2)-1941(3)-1943(4)), Div\u00e2n\u00fc Lug\u00e2t-it-T\u00fcrk Terc\u00fcmesi I-II-III-IV, TDK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: Ankara.<\/p>\n

C\u0130VELEK, \u00d6zlem (2005), Dind\u0131\u015f\u0131 Eski Uygurca Metinlerin Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131 S\u00f6zvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131,
\nYay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler
\nEnstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130stanbul.
\nCLARK, V. Larry (1980), Introduction to the Uyghur Civil Documents of East Turkestan
\n(13th-14th cc.), Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f doktora \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Indiana.
\nCLAUSON, Sir Gerard (1972), An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century
\nTurkish, Oxford.
\nCOQ, Albert v. Le (1926), Auf Hellas Spuren in Ostt\u00fcrkistan, Leipzig.
\nDOERFER, Gerhard (1963(1)-1965(2)-1967(3)-1975(4)), T\u00fcrkische und mongolische
\nElemente im neupersischen, I, II, III, IV, Wiesbaden.
\nERDAL, Marcel (1991), Old Turkic Word Formation, A Functional Approach to the
\nLexicon, Volume: I-II, Wiesbaden.
\nER\u0130N\u00c7, S\u0131rr\u0131 (1992), \u201cBe\u015fbal\u0131k\u201d, D\u0130A, c. 5: 551-552.
\nES\u0130N, Emel (1983), \u201cBal\u0131q and Ordu. The Early Turkish Circumvallations, in Architectural
\nAspect\u201d, Central Asiatic Journal, C. XXVII, S. 3-4: 168-208. [T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi i\u00e7in: ES\u0130N,
\nEmel (2006) \u201cBal\u0131k ve Ordu Mimari A\u00e7\u0131dan Erken Devir T\u00fcrk Surlu Yerle\u015fimleri\u201d,
\nT\u00fcrklerde Maddi K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn Olu\u015fumu, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul: 85-118.]
\nG\u00dcL, B\u00fclent (2004) Eski T\u00fcrk Tar\u0131m Terimleri, Yay\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f Doktora Tezi, Hacettepe
\n\u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Ankara.
\n\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026, (2012), “tar\u0131- Fiili ve T\u00fcrevleri”, Bilig, Bahar, Say\u0131 61: 99-120.
\n\u0130ZG\u0130, \u00d6zkan (1989), \u00c7in El\u00e7isi Wang Yen-Te\u2019nin Uygur Seyahatnamesi, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,
\nAnkara.
\nMACKERRAS, Colin (2000), \u201cUygurlar\u201d, Erken \u0130\u00e7 Asya Tarihi (\u00c7ev. Prof. Dr. \u015einasi
\nTekin), Derleyen: Denis Sinor, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131: \u0130stanbul: 425-449.
\nMINORSKY, V. (1948), \u201cTamim ibn Bahr\u2019s Journey to the Uyghurs\u201d, Bulletin of the
\nSchool of Oriental and African Studies, xii\/2: 275-305.
\nMOLN\u00c1R, \u00c1d\u00e1m-Peter Z\u0130EME (1989), \u201cEin weiterer uigurischer Erntesegen\u201d,
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\n\u00d6ZERD\u0130M, Muhaddere N., (1951), \u201c\u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u00c7in T\u00fcrkistan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u015eehirleri\u201d,
\nDTCF Dergisi, c.9, s.1-2: 105-108.
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\nW\u00f6rterbuch, Sprachmaterial der vorisslamischen t\u00fcrkischen Texte aus Zentralasien,
\nLieferung 1 a-agr\u0131g, Lieferung 2 agr\u0131glan-anta, Lieferung 3 anta-asanke, Lieferung 4
\nasankel\u0131g-ayat-, Lieferung 5 ayat\u0131l–\u04d3mg\u04d3klig, Lieferung 6 \u04d3mg\u04d3ksin–\u04d3r\u014b\u04d3k,
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\nYAMADA, Nobuo (1993), Sammlung uigurischer Kontrakte, Hrsg. von Juten ODA, Peter
\nZIEME, Hiroshi UMERA und Takao MOR\u0130YASU, Band 2, Osaka.
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\n143.
\nZIEME, Peter (2009), \u201cOrdo Ulu\u0161, Solm\u0131 and Be\u0161bal\u0131k\u201d, Acta Orientalia Academiae
\nScientiarum Hungaricae, Vol. 62 (3), September: 255-266.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ara\u015f. G\u00f6r. U\u011fur UZUNKAYA \u00d6zet Uygurlarda yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam, \u00e7e\u015fitli milletler taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarla incelenmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan sivil belgelerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda incelenmemi\u015ftir. Uygur sivil belgeleri, ba\u015fta yerle\u015fik ya\u015fam olmak \u00fczere, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, siyas\u00ee ve sosyal bir\u00e7ok konuda Uygurlarla ilgili temel ba\u015fvuru kaynaklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Uygur sivil belgelerinden hareketle, Uygurlarda […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4160","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4160","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4160"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4160\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4163,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4160\/revisions\/4163"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4160"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4160"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4160"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}