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\u00d6zet<\/span><\/p>\n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un Divan\u00fc Lugat-it -T\u00fcrk\u2019te Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgiler, di\u011fer T\u00fcrk kavimleriyle ilgili olarak sunulan bilgilere nazaran daha zengindir. Bilhassa bunlar 9-13. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki Budist Uygur devleti ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, bu iki devletin ili\u015fkilerine ait \u00e7ok de\u011ferli malzemeleri i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlarla ilgili olarak verdi\u011fi t\u00fcm bilgileri bir araya toplamak ve incelemek suretiyle s\u00f6z konusu d\u00f6nemdeki Uygurlar\u0131n siyasi, askeri, iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131 ortaya komaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu bilgilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bir devlet oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Anahtar S\u00f6zc\u00fckler: Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, Divan\u00fc Lugat-it-T\u00fcrk, Uygurlar<\/span><\/p>\n Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde yeti\u015fen b\u00fcy\u00fck dilci Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut taraf\u0131ndan yaz\u0131lan Divan\u00fc Lugat \u2013it \u2013T\u00fcrk (DLT), T\u00fcrk dilinin oldu\u011fu kadar, T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn de temel eserlerinden biri say\u0131l\u0131r. T\u00fcrk diline tahsis edilen bu eserde s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri a\u00e7\u0131klamak ve gramer kurallar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131tmak i\u00e7in sunulan veriler aras\u0131nda siyasi, hukuk, iktisat, toplum, askerlik, fen, bilim, k\u00fclt\u00fcr, folklor, toponomi gibi pek \u00e7ok sahalarla ilgili bilgiler vard\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu bilgiler g\u00f6z Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Muhmut\u2019un T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin hayat\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile ilgili olarak sundu\u011fu bilgiler i\u00e7inde Uygurlara ait olanlar ayr\u0131 bir yer tutar. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgiler, di\u011fer T\u00fcrk kavimleri hakk\u0131nda sunulan bilgilere nazaran daha zengindir. \u00dcstelik bunlar T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr tarihine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak bir mahiyettedir. Do\u011frudan Uygur ad\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak veya dolayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ge\u00e7en bu bilgiler, tarih, edebiyat, yaz\u0131, \u015five, iktisat, tedav\u00fcl, ticaret, bilim, toponomi, din, askerlik gibi pek \u00e7ok sahalar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131r ve T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temel \u00f6gelerini ortaya koyar. Bu husus, elbette herkesin dikkatini \u00e7eker. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgiler, di\u011fer T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin yurdunda oldu\u011fu gibi Uygur memleketini de ba\u015ftanba\u015fa gezip toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli malzemelere dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bundan ba\u015fka, baz\u0131 \u015fahsiyetlerin verdi\u011fi bilgilere de \u00f6nem vermi\u015f. Elbette elinde bulunan kitap, dergi ve mecmualardan \u00f6\u011frendikleri de olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, eserinde Uygurlar ve Uygur k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc hakk\u0131nda neden bu kadar \u00f6nemle duruyor? Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlarla bir ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 var m\u0131d\u0131r? Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclalesi Uygurlardan m\u0131 ne\u015f\u2019et ediyor? Bu sorular Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eserinide yer alan Uygurlarla ilgili bilgilerin bir araya toplan\u0131p derinden ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 neticesinde cevapland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu hususta \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131 ve baz\u0131 \u0130slam yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n eserleri de \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler ihtiva eder.<\/p>\n \u00d6nce \u015funu belirtmek laz\u0131m ki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dile getirdi\u011fi Uygurlar, Budizm muhitinde ya\u015fayan ve \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olan bir topluluktur. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Uygurlara hem milliyet\u00e7i ve hem de \u00fcmmet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131yor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman Uygurlardan gurur duyuyor ve \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ile \u201cUygur\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fit anlamda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, T\u00fcrklerin y\u00fcksek seciyeleri \u00fczerinde dururken ilk olarak T\u00fcrklerin askeri seciyelerini ve harp bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ne kadar ileri bir d\u00fczeye ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yani \u201cY\u00fcce Tanr\u0131 \u2018benim bir ordum vard\u0131r, ona \u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019 ad\u0131 verdim. Bir ulusa k\u0131zarsam T\u00fcrkleri, o ulus \u00fczerine musallat k\u0131lar\u0131m\u2019 diyor. \u0130\u015fte bu, T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut eserinde 840\u2019tan sonra \u0130\u00e7 Asya\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren Uygurlar\u0131n hayat\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fczerine dururken sadece Budizm muhitinde ya\u015fayan Uygurlar\u0131 bizzat Uygur ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda dile getirir. Kansu\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Uygur devletinin ink\u0131raz\u0131 ile ilgili edebi par\u00e7alar\u0131 vermek ve ba\u015fl\u0131ca bir \u015fehrini g\u00f6stermekle yetinir. Fakat Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Budizm muhitinde ya\u015fayan Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda dururken onlar\u0131n devleti ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, \u015fehircilik hayat\u0131, yaz\u0131s\u0131, edebiyat\u0131, din ve inan\u00e7lar\u0131, \u00f6deme ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ve d\u0131\u015f ticareti hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bilgileri vermekle birlikte Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Budist Uygurlara kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flardan da bahseder. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu bilgileri bir araya getirirsek, Uygurlar\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve parlak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olduklar\u0131 belli olur.<\/p>\n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Uygur devletinin ad\u0131, sehirleri ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cUygur \u2013 be\u015f \u015fehirli bir vilayetin ad\u0131. Z\u00fclkarneyn T\u00fcrk Hakan\u0131 ile bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131ktan sonra bu \u015fehirleri yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2019\u2019(Atalay \u21601985 :111), \u201cBu vilayette be\u015f \u015fehir vard\u0131r. Vilayetin halk\u0131 en kat\u0131 k\u00e2firlerdir, son derece at\u0131c\u0131d\u0131rlar. Z\u00fclkarneynin yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Sulmi (S\u00fclmi), Ko\u00e7u, Canbal\u0131k, Be\u015fbal\u0131k, Yan\u011fi bal\u0131k ad\u0131ndaki \u015fehirlerdir\u2019\u2019(\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i\u2160 1981: 152-153), \u201cBal\u0131k: \u0130slaml\u0131ktan \u00e7ok evvel T\u00fcrk dilince, s\u0131\u011f\u0131nak, kal\u2019e, \u015fehir demektir. Uygurcada dahi b\u00f6yledir. Uygurlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirlerinden birisine Be\u015fbal\u0131k denir. Buras\u0131, Uygurlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehridir; \u201cbe\u015f \u015fehir\u201d demektir (Atalay 1985: 379), \u201cKo\u00e7u: Uygur \u015fehirlerinden birinin ad\u0131\u201d (Atalay1986: 238), \u201cKo\u00e7u: Uygur \u015fehri. Orada bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fehirlere bu ad verilir\u201d (Atalay 1986b :219). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 burada \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli hususlardan bahsediyor. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu bilgilere g\u00f6re, Uygur ad\u0131, etnik bir tabir olmaktan ziyade siyasi bir ad olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. \u201cEn kat\u0131 k\u00e2firler\u201d (E\u015fedd \u00fcl \u2013kefere) demekle Uygurlar\u0131n Budizm inanc\u0131n\u0131 benimsedi\u011fini bildiren Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Uygurlardaki Manihezmden hi\u00e7 bahsetmemesine ra\u011fmen, Tamim \u0130bn Bahir ve Cahiz gibi \u0130slam yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n Uygurlar\u0131n Manihezmi kabul ettekten sonra sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybettikleri hakk\u0131ndaki ifadelerinin biraz abart\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle Uygurlar\u0131n Mani mezhebini kabul etmelerinden \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcre ge\u00e7ti\u011fi halde yine askerlik ruhunu kaybetmediklerini g\u00f6sterecek bir delil Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019ta zikredilmektedir.4 A. Zeki Velidi Togan\u2019a g\u00f6re, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ge\u00e7en Z\u00fclkarneyn bat\u0131dan gelen Aryan\u0131 fatihleridir.5 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 burada Uygur \u015fehirlerinin tarihini Z\u00fclkarneyn\u2019e ba\u011flamakla Uygur devletinin topraklar\u0131nda \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir tarihe sahip ve di\u011fer T\u00fcrk kavimlerine nazaran \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6stermektedir. Nitekim Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bildirdi\u011fi gibi, ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Uygurlar\u0131n milattan \u00f6nceki devirlerden itibaren \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131ndan da \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131lar da \u015fehir hayat\u0131n\u0131n tarihini daha eski devirlere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmektedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ge\u00e7en \u015fehirler di\u011fer kaynaklarda da bahsedilen \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fehirlerdendir. 982 tarihinde yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinen ud\u00fcd al-\u0101lam\u2019de To\u011fuz\u011fuz yani Uygurlar \u00fclkesinde on yedi \u015fehirden bahsediliyor. Fakat bu on yedi \u015fehirden ancak bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n adlar\u0131n\u0131n okunu\u015flar\u0131 ve yerleri tesbit edilebiliyor. Okunu\u015fu ve yeri tesbit edilen \u015fehirlerden biri \u00c7in\u00e2nikes olup bu, \u00c7inlilerin Gao-chang dedikleri b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirdir. Uygurlar bu \u015fehre Ko\u00e7u demekte idi. Biruni de \u201c\u00c7\u00een\u00e2nkes (\u00c7\u00een\u00e2nikes): buras\u0131 Tarh\u00e2n\u2019\u0131n ikametg\u00e2h\u0131 Ko\u00e7u \u015fehridir\u2019\u20196 diyor. To\u011fuz\u011fuz Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 ayn\u0131 Uygur devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda da \u00e7e\u015fitli bilgiler veriyor. Bilhassa, Uygur devleti ile Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye ayr\u0131ca yer veriyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cK\u00fcsen: Ku\u00e7a denilen \u015fehrin bir ad\u0131. Buras\u0131 Uygur s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r\u201d (\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1981: 526). Bundan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, K\u00fcsen, Uygur devletinin bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil ediyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, sava\u015flar\u0131 konu alan par\u00e7alarda Uygur devletinin kuzeybat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130li Nehri havalisine kadar uzanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtiyor: Yukar\u0131da bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, Turfan kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7en bir kaz\u0131k kitabede h\u00fck\u00fcmdar K\u00fcl\/K\u00f6l Bilge Tengri\u2019nin tahta \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na g\u00f6re hesaplanan bir tarih zapt\u0131 form\u00fcl\u00fc vard\u0131r: \u201cKutlu\u011f ki ot kutlu\u011f koyn y\u0131l, ikinti ay, \u00fc\u00e7 yang\u0131\u011fa, k\u00fcn ay tngride kut bulm\u0131\u015f, ulu\u011f k\u00fcn ornanm\u0131\u015f, alp\u0131n erdemin il tutm\u0131\u015f, alp arslan kutlu\u011f k\u00fcl bilge kan(\u0131muz)…. kan olurm\u0131\u015f, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, \u201c\u00d6ge\u201d ve \u201cT\u00fcrkmen\u201d adlar\u0131n\u0131n etimolojisi \u00fczerine de\u011finirken iki rivayeti aktararak Uygur devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyde nereye kadar uzanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funa da i\u015faret ediyor. \u201c\u00d6ge\u201d maddesinde s\u00f6yle denilmektedir: \u201cT\u00fcrk hakan\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir b\u00f6l\u00fck asker Z\u00fclkarneyn\u2019in ileri kollar\u0131 \u00fczerine bask\u0131n yapm\u0131\u015flar. D\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 yenmi\u015fler. T\u00fcrklerden biri Z\u00fclkarneyn\u2019in askerlerinden birine bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 vurmu\u015f, herifi g\u00f6begine dek par\u00e7alam\u0131\u015f. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen adam\u0131n belinde, i\u00e7erisinde alt\u0131n bulunan bir kemer varm\u0131\u015f; kemer de kesilmi\u015f, alt\u0131nlar kana bula\u015farak d\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f. Ertesi sabah T\u00fcrk askerleri kana bula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan alt\u0131nlar\u0131 g\u00f6rerek birbirlerine \u2018bu ne\u2019 demi\u015fler, \u2018alt\u0131n kan\u2019 cevab\u0131 verilmi\u015f. Orada bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir da\u011fa hemen bu ad\u0131 vermi\u015fler. Uygur \u00fclkesine yak\u0131n olan bu da\u011f\u0131n \u00e7evresinde T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7ebeleri bulunur. Z\u00fclkarneyn bu gece bask\u0131n\u0131ndan sonra T\u00fcrk hakan\u0131yla bar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u201d (Atalay 1983: 90-91). Buna benzer di\u011fer bir rivayet \u201cT\u00fcrkmen\u201d maddesinde ge\u00e7er. Buna g\u00f6re, \u201cHakan \u015fu \u00c7in\u2019e do\u011fru ge\u00e7ip gitmi\u015ftir. Z\u00fclkarneyn arkas\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f idi. Uygurlar\u0131n hakan\u0131, Z\u00fclkarneyn\u2019e bir b\u00f6l\u00fck asker g\u00f6nderir. Bu \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fma \u2018Altun Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, \u201c\u00d6t\u00fcken – Tataristan \u00e7\u00f6llerinde bir yerin ad\u0131, Uygur iline yak\u0131nd\u0131r\u2019\u2019 (Atalay 1985:138) diyor. Bu maddede Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, bir taraftan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Mo\u011folistan ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmakta olan eski T\u00fcrk yurduna 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrklerinin Tatar \u00e7\u00f6lleri ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiklerini bildirir, di\u011fer taraftan \u201cUygur iline yak\u0131nd\u0131r\u201d demekle buras\u0131n\u0131n Uygur devletinin kuzey ve kuzey do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden Altay Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu eteklerine yak\u0131n bir yerde bulundu\u011funu i\u015faret ediyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Mo\u011folistan topraklar\u0131nda sadece bir \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019i dile getirmekle yetinmi\u015f. Bu, Hunlar, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler, Sir\u2013Tardu\u015f ve Uygurlar i\u00e7in siyasi merkez rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynayan ve ayn\u0131 kavimlerin iktisadi ve askerlik tarihinde de \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yer tutan \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019in kutlu bir yer oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde de hala unutulmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan ileri gelmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu sebeple \u015funu belirtmek istiyoruz ki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ge\u00e7en \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019in bulundu\u011fu yeri \u201cdo\u011fuda Togla Nehri\u2019nin \u00f6b\u00fcr taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak bat\u0131da Altaylara kadar uzanan bir co\u011frafyad\u0131r\u2019\u201933 demek veya \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019i Rusya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki Kama Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 mecras\u0131nda yer alan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kirof \u00f6zerk b\u00f6lgesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Vyatka \u015fehri ile birle\u015ftirmek34 \u00e7ok yanl\u0131\u015f bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Orhun yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda kutlu bir b\u00f6lge olarak ge\u00e7en \u00d6t\u00fcken, \u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Orhun ve Selenga nehirlerinin \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir da\u011fd\u0131r. Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131n ortas\u0131nda Hangay Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fu kesimini te\u015fkil eden, suyu ve otu bol olan ve \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda\u65bc\u90fd\u65a4\u5c71, \u90fd\u65a4\u5c71, \u4e8e\u90fd\u65a4\u5c71, \u90c1\u7763\u519b\u5c71, \u4e4c\u5fb7\u5efa\u5c71, \u5c09\u90fd\u5065\u5c71, \u5c09\u90fd\u6957\u5c71, \u4e4c\u5fb7\u97ac\u5c71, \u4e4c\u5fb7\u728d\u5c71, \u4e4c\u90fd\u728d\u5c71, \u4e4c\u7f57\u5fb7\u5065\u5c71, \u4e5e\u90fd\u519b\u5c71, \u91ce\u4e4c\u7b03\u65a1\u5c71gibi \u00e7ok de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde kaydedilen bu da\u011f, Altay da\u011flar\u0131 gibi kuzeydo\u011fudan kuzeybat\u0131ya do\u011fru uzanm\u0131\u015f oluyor.35<\/p>\n Ku\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlar ile Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n hududu oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, bir ba\u015fka yerde \u201cB\u00fcg\u00fcr: Ku\u00e7a \u015fehri ile Uygur \u00fclkesi aras\u0131nda bulunan da\u011f ba\u015f\u0131nda bir kaledir; buras\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r\u201d diyor.36 Burada Ku\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda bulunan B\u00fcg\u00fcr\u2019\u00fc Uygur \u00fclkesi ile Ku\u00e7a \u015fehrinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak g\u00f6stermesi daha ilgi \u00e7ekici bir konudur. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bu maddede, Uygur devleti ile Ku\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n siyasi hayat\u0131ndaki yeni bir safhadan bahsetmi\u015ftir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Ku\u00e7a bir \u015fehirdir ve bir \u015fehir devleti olarak Hun imparatorlu\u011fu devrinden itibaren Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve civarlar\u0131ndaki di\u011fer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u015fehir devletlerini kendine ilhak ederek olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devlet durumuna gelmi\u015ftir. S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 da do\u011fuda B\u00fcg\u00fcr\u2019den bat\u0131da Aksu (Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da Barman)\u2019ya kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buras\u0131 yer alt\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u201cKin\u011f\u00fct\u201d \u00fczerinde dururken bunun, \u201cUygur s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bir \u015fehir ad\u0131\u201d (Atalay 1986:362) oldu\u011funu bildirmi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fehrin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki yeri tespit edilmiyor. Ancak, A. Zeki Velidi Togan bunu, \u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131 (\u015ein Y\u00fcan-shi\u2019) ve Hoten metinlerinde Karatatarlar\u0131n dokuz kabilesinden biri olarak ge\u00e7en Kin\u011f\u00fct kabilesi ile ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve \u201cKin\u011f\u00fct kabilesi ise Mahmut Ka\u015fgar\u00ee\u2019de \u2018Uygur s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bir \u015fehir\u2019 s\u0131fat\u0131yla zikredilen kabile ismidir\u201d39 diyor. Togan \u015f\u00f6yle devam ediyor: \u201cBunlar 10. as\u0131rda \u015eatolarla birlikte Kansu \u015fehrini i\u015fgal etmi\u015fler; sonra as\u0131l vatanlar\u0131 olan Sa\u00e7u yani Tung-hu\u00e2n taraf\u0131na d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Bu tokuz Tatar kabilesinin as\u0131l vatan\u0131 Lobnor ve Sa\u00e7u\u2019nun g\u00fcneyindeki Alt\u0131nda\u011f ve Lobnur ile Kumul aras\u0131ndaki da\u011flar oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, memleketlerinde yeti\u015fip d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya ihra\u00e7 olunan me\u015fhur \u2018Misk-i Tatar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sahipleridir.\u2019\u201940 Bu belgelere istinaden Kin\u011f\u00fct kabilesinin Alt\u0131nda\u011f ile Lobnur ve Kumul aras\u0131ndaki da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgede yerle\u015fmi\u015f bir kabile oldu\u011fu ve Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme gelince onlar\u0131n yerle\u015fti\u011fi \u015fehrin Uygur devletinin do\u011fudaki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etti\u011fine h\u00fckmetmek gerekir. Fakat eserin bir ba\u015fka yerinde \u201cYulduz K\u00f6l\u2019\u2019\u00fcn Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u201cTar\u0131m\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli anlamda tan\u0131ml\u0131yor. Bunlardan biri \u201cTar\u0131m: Uygur s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda Ku\u00e7a ad\u0131ndaki yerin yan\u0131nda bir yer. Usm\u0131 Tar\u0131m dahi denir. Buraya akan bir derenin ad\u0131na da \u2018Tar\u0131m\u2019 derler\u201d (\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1981: 514) denilmektedir.44 Di\u011fer bir a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda \u201cUsm\u0131 Tar\u0131m: \u0130slam diyar\u0131ndan Uygur iline dek akan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir dere\u201d (Atalay 1985:130) \u015feklinde ge\u00e7er. Bundan ba\u015fka, g\u00f6llere, kumluklara d\u00f6k\u00fclen \u00e7ay kollar\u0131na da tar\u0131m ad\u0131n\u0131n verilmi\u015f oldu\u011funu bildiriyor\u2019\u2019(Atalay\u21601985: 396). Bu maddelerde Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Tar\u0131m Nehri ve havalisini \u00e7ok iyi bir \u015fekilde tarif etmi\u015f. Nitekim Tar\u0131m Nehri\u2019nin ge\u00e7ti\u011fi b\u00f6lgede, yani g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ku\u00e7a, \u015eayar, B\u00fcg\u00fcr ve Lobnur il\u00e7elerinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan Tar\u0131m adl\u0131 bir b\u00f6lge vard\u0131r. Tar\u0131m Nehri ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7iyor. Ku\u00e7a, \u015eayar ve B\u00fcg\u00fcr il\u00e7elerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesi Tar\u0131m Nehri\u2019nin kuzeyinde, Lobnur il\u00e7esine ba\u011fl\u0131 olan Tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesi ise ayn\u0131 nehrin g\u00fcneyinde kal\u0131yor. Tar\u0131m Nehri B\u00fcg\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ip Lobnur\u2019a yakla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a Tar\u0131m b\u00f6lgesinin ortas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7iyor ve bu b\u00f6lgeyi ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcyor. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131, Pamir Yaylas\u0131 ve Kurum Da\u011flar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan ve 2.137 kilometrelik uzunlu\u011fuyla en b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131ta i\u00e7i nehri say\u0131lan Tar\u0131m nehri, Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey kesiminden dolan\u0131p ge\u00e7tikten sonra T\u0131t\u0131ma K\u00f6l\u00fc ve Lobnur\u2019da son bulur. Burada durulmas\u0131 icap eden bir di\u011fer husus daha vard\u0131r. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Tar\u0131m ad\u0131yla ilgili olarak yine \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cTar\u0131m: Tekinlere ve Afrasiyab soyundan olan hatunlara ve bunlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen bir kelimedir; ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olursa olsun Hakanl\u0131 hanlar\u0131n\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131ndan ba\u015fkas\u0131na b\u00f6yle s\u00f6ylenmez\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 396). Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131 Afrasiyab soyundan gelenlerin kurdu\u011fu bir devlet olarak nitelendiren Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, burada Tar\u0131m ad\u0131n\u0131 da sadece bu devletin hiyerar\u015fisine, bilhassa Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 DLT\u2019de baz\u0131 kabilelerin Uygur iline yak\u0131n bir b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da bildiriyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cAramut: Uygur illerine yak\u0131n oturan bir T\u00fcrk b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 139) dedikten sonra \u201cArmut: bir yer ad\u0131\u201d diyor. Bu toplulu\u011fun oturdu\u011fu yerin ad\u0131yle an\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 kelimenin de T\u00fcrk\u00e7e de\u011fil gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren Faruk S\u00fcmer\u2019e g\u00f6re, 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Aramut adl\u0131 yerde ya\u015fayan ve ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan toplu\u011funun Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrklerine mensup bulundu\u011fu tahmin edilebilir.47 Bununla ilgili olarak Saadettin G\u00f6me\u00e7 \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cBug\u00fcne kadar Divan \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda Aramutlar\u0131n kimli\u011fi veya mevki hen\u00fcz ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f olmakla beraber 7. asr\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda K\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin (G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler) ink\u0131raza u\u011framalar\u0131 sonucunda \u00c7inliler, Gobi\u2019nin g\u00fcney ve bat\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda yeni idari Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Uygurlar\u0131n inanc\u0131ndan bahsederken Uygur devletinde yerle\u015fen \u00e7e\u015fitli dinler, din terminolojisi ve Karahan\u0131lar ile Uygur devleti aras\u0131nda cereyan eden sava\u015flar ve bundan do\u011fan s\u00f6zl\u00fc edebiyatlar hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgileri vermektedir. Bu bilgiler hem bizzat Uygur ad\u0131na ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde, hem de M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan T\u00fcrklerle alakadar bir bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7er. \u201cKat\u0131 k\u00e2firler\u201d ve \u201cUygur gavurlar\u0131\u201d ve \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Uygurlar\u201d gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli kavramlar ile Uygur devletinde Budizmin k\u00f6kl\u00fc olarak yerle\u015fti\u011fini bildiren Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, ayn\u0131 dinin terminolojisi hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgileri veriyor: \u201cBurxan: put. Heykele dahi \u2018bedhez burxan\u2019 denir\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 436), \u201cToy\u0131n: toyun. \u0130slam olmayanlar\u0131n din ulusu. Bu bizdeki imam ve m\u00fcft\u00fc gibidir. Toy\u0131n her zaman put yan\u0131nda bulunur. Kitaplar ve gavurluk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini okur. Ondan Y\u00fcce Tanr\u0131ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r\u0131z\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 169), \u201cSubuz\u011fan: Ma\u015fatl\u0131k, m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olm\u0131yanlar\u0131n mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019\u2019(Atalay, 1985\u2160: 516), \u201cYa\u011f\u0131\u015f: \u0130slamdan evvel T\u00fcrklerin adak i\u00e7in, yahut tanr\u0131lar\u0131na yak\u0131nl\u0131k elde etmek i\u00e7in putlara kestikleri kurban\u2019\u2019(\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984: 11-12).51 Bir par\u00e7ada put evine \u201cFurxan evi\u2019\u2019 (Atalay 1985: 343-344) denildi\u011fini bildiren Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, hem Buddizmin hem de di\u011fer dinlerin terminoljisi ile alakadar olan Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Buddizmin derin olarak yerle\u015fmesine ra\u011fmen Uygur devletinde Maniheizm, Hristiyanl\u0131k gibi dinleri benimseyen kitleler de vard\u0131. \u00c7e\u015fitli dinler yan yana ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu, Uygurlar\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dini tolerans siyasetinden ileri gelmi\u015f bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel durumdur. Bu, bir\u00e7ok \u0130slam yazarlar\u0131na (Gerdizi\u2019de, el-Makdisi\u2019de) malum oldu\u011fu gibi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un da yak\u0131ndan vak\u0131f oldu\u011fu bir konudur diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Fakat Uygurlar i\u00e7inde Mani ve Hristiyan mezheblerinin devam etti\u011fine ait Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019da hi\u00e7 bir kay\u0131t yoktur. Yaln\u0131z bir yerde \u201cPa\u00e7ak: Hristiyanlar\u0131n orucu\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 411) \u015feklinde bir ifade ge\u00e7er.55 Bu kelimenin zikrinden Hristiyanlar\u0131n da var oldu\u011funu \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz. Ayn\u0131 kelimeye Mani metinlerinde de tesad\u00fcf olunuyor ve Mani orucu anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131yor ki bu da dikkat \u00e7ekicidir.56 Eserinin ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda kendisi de s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulunmayan T\u00fcrk illerinden fazla bahsedilmesini uygun g\u00f6rmeyen Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, bir m\u00fcmin olarak \u0130slamiyet d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan dini muhitteki \u015feylerin tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131nda genel mahiyette baz\u0131 kavramlar\u0131 kullanmakla yetinmi\u015f oluyor. Yukar\u0131da bahsedilen \u201cToy\u0131n\u201d ve \u201cNom\u201d maddelerinde de bu tutum a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131saca, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cKat\u0131 k\u00e2fir\u201d ve \u201cUygur g\u00e2vuru\u2019\u2019, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Uygurlar\u2019\u2019, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulunmayan T\u00fcrkler\u2019\u2019, \u201cTat\u201d gibi deyimlerle yaln\u0131z Uygur toplumundaki Budistleri de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda Mani ve Hristiyan dini mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 da ifade etmi\u015f oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da, Karahanl\u0131lar ile Uygurlar\u0131n ili\u015fkilerine ait daha \u00f6nemli bilgilere rastl\u0131yoruz. S\u00f6z konusu ili\u015fkiler aras\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130slamiyeti yaymak amac\u0131yla Uygurlara kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar ba\u015fta geliyor. Bu sava\u015flar\u0131n hat\u0131ras\u0131, eserde s\u00f6zl\u00fc edebiyat\u0131n g\u00fczel \u00f6rnekleri olarak veriliyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da yer alan edebi par\u00e7alar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir tasnifini yapan Talat Tekin\u2019e g\u00f6re, gaza amac\u0131yla Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Uygurlar \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 tasvir eden par\u00e7alar \u015funlard\u0131r: Kimi i\u00e7re oldurup Kudruk kat\u0131\u011f t\u00fcgd\u00fcmiz T\u00fcnle bile bast\u0131m\u0131z. Hece \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn 2+2+3 veya 4+3 durakl\u0131 7\u2019li kal\u0131b\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lan57 bu d\u00f6rtl\u00fcklerde Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Buddist Uygurlar\u0131n \u00fclkesine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bir ak\u0131n hik\u00e2ye edilmi\u015f ve sava\u015f\u0131n \u0130li Nehri havalisindeki M\u0131n\u011flak adl\u0131 bir yerde \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli bir bi\u00e7imde cereyan etti\u011fi bildirilmi\u015ftir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklerin \u0130li Nehri\u2019nin \u00f6tesindeki \u015fehirlere h\u00fccum ve taaruzlar\u0131 ilk Do\u011fu Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 S\u00fclayman Bin Yusuf (1031~1056\/1057) devrinde olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece bu manzumenin de 11.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f oldu\u011fu yarg\u0131s\u0131na var\u0131labilir.58 Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n dini bir u\u011frunda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6yle sava\u015flar\u0131n do\u011fuda K\u00fcsen, Sulmi, Ko\u00e7u ve Be\u015fbal\u0131k gibi Budizm k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck merkezlerinde de \u00e7ok defa cereyan etmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 bilinmektedir.59 Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n o kadar \u00e7etin sava\u015flar yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130slamiyet kuzeyde \u0130li\u2019nin \u00f6b\u00fcr taraf\u0131na, do\u011fuda ise K\u00fcsen\u2019in \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ememi\u015f. K\u00fcsen iki devletin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak kalm\u0131\u015f. Bu husus sebebiyle \u015funu belirtmek gerekir ki, \u0130li Nehri Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemle durdu\u011fu bir konudur, hatta T\u00fcrklerin On \u0130ki Hayvan ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan takviminin \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 da \u0130li Nehri\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131yor ve bu nehri \u201cT\u00fcrklerin Ceyhunu\u201d olarak nitelendiriyor. \u0130li ad\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi en eski m\u00fcsl\u00fcman kayna\u011f\u0131 ud\u00fcd al\u0101lam\u2019dir; bu eserde ve DLT\u2019de d\u00e2hil daha sonraki eserlerin \u00e7o\u011funda, ad\u0131 \u0130l\u00e2 olarak kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130slamiyetin bu sahaya nas\u0131l ve ne zaman yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmiyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bir yerde \u201cKemi talas = Uygurlar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7idin ad\u0131\u2019\u2019(\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984: 323)60 diyor, di\u011fer bir yerde ise \u201cTalas: Taraz diye tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan bir \u015fehir. Talas, ikidir; birine \u2018Ulu\u011f Talas\u2019 denir; ikincisi \u0130slam s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bulunur. Kemi Talas =K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Talas\u2019 denir\u2019\u2019(\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984: 474-475) \u015feklinde verilen bir a\u00e7\u0131klama vard\u0131r. \u0130slam hududunda diye tarif edilen ve haritada \u0130li kuzeyinde g\u00f6sterilen \u201cKemi\/Kumi-Talas\u201d \u015fehrinin di\u011fer bir yerde Uygur hududunda olarak g\u00f6sterilmesi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n kuzeydeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130li Nehri\u2019nin kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steriyor. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Karahanl\u0131 ordusunun \u0130li Nehri\u2019den ge\u00e7erek Uygurlara kar\u015f\u0131 ne kadar \u015fiddetli gaza sava\u015flar\u0131 yapmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, \u0130slamiyetin \u0130li\u2019nin \u00f6b\u00fcr taraf\u0131na yay\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 XIII. as\u0131rda \u0130li vadisinin \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n hududu olan memleket olarak telakki edildi\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet daha \u015farkta bulunan memleketlere ancak Mo\u011follar devrinde girmi\u015ftir.61<\/p>\n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da derc olunan bu manzumeler, yaln\u0131z Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 dini sava\u015flar\u0131n bir hat\u0131ras\u0131 olmakla kalmaz, ayn\u0131 zamanda Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n tatbik etti\u011fi sava\u015f taktikleri hakk\u0131nda da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgileri veriyor. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, h\u0131zl\u0131 hareket etme yetene\u011fi T\u00fcrk ordusunun en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda y\u0131pratma sava\u015flar\u0131na ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrk ordusunun hareketi, y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmesine, ku\u015flar\u0131n u\u00e7mas\u0131na ve sellerin akmas\u0131na benzetilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00e7e\u015fit benzetmeler Orhun Kitabeleri\u2019nde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da da dile getirilir. Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra, geceleyin aniden sald\u0131rmak, pusu kurmak, sahte ric\u2019at yaparak d\u00fc\u015fman ordusunu muhasaraya almak, ba\u011f\u0131rmak, hayk\u0131rmak veya g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fc yapmak yoluyla d\u00fc\u015fman ordusunu ruhi bak\u0131mdan bozmak, en eski devirlerden beri T\u00fcrklerin ba\u015fl\u0131ca sava\u015f taktikleriydi. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn tarih\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan \u201cTuran takti\u011fi\u2019\u2019, \u201cKurt oyunu\u201d ad\u0131 verilen ayn\u0131 takti\u011fin Karahanl\u0131lar \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkleri taraf\u0131ndan tam olarak devam ettirildi\u011fi Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da derc olunan ayn\u0131 manzumelerden ve di\u011fer sava\u015f \u015fiirlerinden bilinmektedir.62<\/p>\n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Buddizm muhitindeki Uygurlar\u0131n iktisadi hayat\u0131na dair verdi\u011fi bilgiler de \u00e7ok dikkat \u00e7eker. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, ayn\u0131 Uygurlar\u0131n \u00f6deme ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan bahsederken \u201cKamdu\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir \u00e7e\u015fit kuma\u015f paray\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor. Ona g\u00f6re, \u201cKamdu: D\u00f6rt ar\u015f\u0131n boyunda, bir kar\u0131\u015f eninde bir bez par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ki \u00fczerine Uygur han\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fchr\u00fc bas\u0131l\u0131p al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fte para yerine kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu bez eskirse her yedi senede bir yaman\u0131r, sonra y\u0131kan\u0131r, yeniden \u00fczerine m\u00fch\u00fcr vurulur\u2019\u2019(Atalay I 1985: 418). Bu paraya ait benzer kay\u0131tlar \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n K\u00fcsen hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgiler aras\u0131nda da ge\u00e7er, yani bu, \u201cparalar\u0131 yoktur, para yerine i\u015flemeli kuma\u015flar kullan\u0131rlar\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilir. Uygur \u0130ki \u00e7e\u015fit dini muhit i\u00e7inde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Karahanl\u0131lar ile Uygur (Ko\u00e7u) devleti aras\u0131nda 10.ve 11.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda siyasi ve askeri bak\u0131mdan bir ara d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k durumun g\u00f6r\u00fclmesine ra\u011fmen iki devlet aras\u0131nda iktisadi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ili\u015fkilerin s\u00fcrekli olarak devam etti\u011fini yine Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019dan \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n nakletti\u011fi bir beyitte \u015f\u00f6yle denilmektedir:<\/p>\n Ordhulan\u0131p y\u00fcksek tag\u0131\u011f oglak \u00e7atar Y\u00fcksek da\u011f\u0131 yurt tutan ve Uygurlardan ucuz alarak pahal\u0131 satan bir \u00e7oban\u0131 hik\u00e2ye eden bu beyit, Karahanl\u0131lar ile Budizm muhitinde ya\u015fayan Uygurlar aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun bir ticari ili\u015fkinin s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir belgedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgiler iki devlet aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Pek \u00e7ok eserlerde kay\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi, tarihin \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerinde de \u201cUygur Yaz\u0131s\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla maruf olan yaz\u0131ya \u201cT\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 veren Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cBunlar \u2013 kitab\u0131n ba\u015f taraf\u0131nda bildirdi\u011fim \u00fczere – 24 harften ibaret olan T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rlar. Kitaplar\u0131n\u0131, mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 onunla yazar. Bundan ba\u015fka Uygurlar\u0131n ve \u00c7inlilerin ayr\u0131 bir yaz\u0131lar\u0131 daha vard\u0131r. Defterlerini, senetlerini bununla yazarlar. Bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Uygurlarla Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 ayn\u0131 yaz\u0131 vesilesiyle, \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Uygurlar\u201d tabirini kullan\u0131yor. Bu ifadeden biz Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan Uygur kitlesinin var oldu\u011funu \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz ve Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131na ayn\u0131 Uygur kitlesi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucuna varabiliriz. Nitekim tarihi ger\u00e7ekler de b\u00f6yledir. T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda bunlardan ba\u015fka Mani dinine inananlar yoktur.\u2019\u201971 \u015feklindeki bir ifade ge\u00e7er. Burada Mes\u2019\u00fbd\u00ee, Karahanl\u0131lara ait olan topraklar\u0131, H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131na \u201cUygur Han\u0131\u2019\u2019ad\u0131 verilen To\u011fuz\u011fuz devletinin bir b\u00f6lgesi olarak g\u00f6stermekle, Ko\u00e7u devletinin ve Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n her ikisinin Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan devletlerden ibaret oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015f oluyor. Eserini yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 943 senesinde Karahanl\u0131larda \u0130slamiyet daha tam olarak yay\u0131lm\u0131yordu ve 763\u2019den sonra bir saray dini olan Mani dini de hala n\u00fcfuzunu muhafaza ediyordu. Bu nedenle, Mes\u2019udi, bu kadar geni\u015f sahalarda yay\u0131lan Uygurlar\u0131 inan\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sadece Mani dini mensular\u0131 olarak tan\u0131tmakla yetinmi\u015f olabilir. Elbette, bu husus \u201cKarahanl\u0131lar\u0131n H\u00fck\u00fcmdar S\u00fclalesi Uygurlardan \u00c7\u0131k\u0131yor\u201d adl\u0131 di\u011fer bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 da d\u00e2hil \u00e7e\u015fitli belgelere istinaden detayl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde belirtilecektir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bir devlet oldu\u011funu T\u00fcp\u00fct maddesinde de bildirmektedir: \u201cT\u00fcp\u00fct: T\u00fcrk illerinde bulunan kalabal\u0131kl\u0131 bir Yukar\u0131da bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olduktan sonra Karahanl\u0131lar ile Uygurlar aras\u0131nda din ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden derin bir d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Bu d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade eden bir\u00e7ok eyi\u015fler Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eseri vas\u0131tas\u0131yla bize kadar gelmi\u015ftir. Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri de Uygurlar i\u00e7in \u201cTat\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc kullan\u0131yordu, Uygurlar da Karahanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerine ve b\u00fct\u00fcn M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u201c\u00c7omak\u201d veya \u201c\u00c7omak Eri\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 vermekte idi. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da Tat kelimesi dokuz yerde ge\u00e7er. Ayr\u0131ca, bu terimden t\u00fcremi\u015f dokuz t\u00fcrev daha vard\u0131r. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut \u201cTat\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131yor: \u201cTat: b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrklerin dilince Fars\u00e7a konu\u015fan kimse. \u015eu savda dahi gelmi\u015ftir: \u2018Tat\u0131\u011f k\u00f6zre tikeni\u011f t\u00fcpre= tat\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcne vur, dikeni k\u00f6kle, k\u00f6k\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u2019 (Toxs\u0131 ve Ya\u011fma dillerinde). Uygur g\u00e2vurlar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131. Bunu kendi \u00fclkelerinde i\u015fittim. \u2018Tat Tawga\u00e7\u2019 Be\u00e7kem urup atlaka \u201cAtlara belge vurarak Uygurdaki tatlara, h\u0131rs\u0131z, k\u00f6t\u00fc itlere ku\u015flar gibi u\u00e7tuk\u201d (Atalay 1985:483). Bu par\u00e7ada ge\u00e7en \u201cUygurdaki Tatlaka\u2019\u2019 (Uygurdaki Tatlara) s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l yorumlamak laz\u0131md\u0131r. Atalay bunu \u201cAtlara alamet vurarak Uygur k\u00f6peklerinin \u00fczerine y\u00f6neldik. Bununla Uygur ulusunu murad ediyor; ku\u015flar gibi u\u00e7arak tepelerine indik, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Budist Uygurlara Tat ad\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fini bildirdi\u011fi gibi, \u0130slamiyet d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalanlar\u0131n da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u00c7omak ad\u0131n\u0131 takt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmektedir: \u201c\u00c7omak= Uygurlarca, b\u00fct\u00fcn m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan halk\u00e7a m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara verilen ad. \u201c\u00c7omak eri\u201d denir ki \u2018M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir adam\u2019 demektir\u201d (Atalay 1985: 381). Uygurlar\u0131n ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan di\u011fer halklar\u0131n neden M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara \u201c\u00e7omak\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi hakk\u0131nda tatmin edici bir bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u015eimdilik bu hususta sadece iki varsay\u0131m vard\u0131r. Bunlar, A. Zeki Velidi Togan, Faruk S\u00fcmer ve V. V. Barthold gibi otoriter bilginlere aittir. Togan\u2019a g\u00f6re, \u201cBu da Cumuk (\u00c7umuk), C\u00fcm\u00fck (\u00c7\u00fcm\u00fck) ile bir olsa gerektir ki, t\u00fcccar olan C\u00fcm\u00fckler en evvel \u0130slamiyeti kabul ettiklerinden bu isim M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrklere tamim edilmi\u015f olabilir.\u2019\u201974 \u00c7oma\u011f\u0131n as\u0131l bir de\u011fne\u011fin ad\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcren Sumer \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cTabi Uygur \u00fclkesine gelen m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u00e7oma\u011f\u0131 hayvan s\u00fcrmek, y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyi kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak, k\u00f6pek gibi hayvanlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koymak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131yordu.\u2019\u201975 Buna g\u00f6re, Uygurlar aras\u0131na t\u00fcccarl\u0131k yapmaya gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman tacirlerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00e7e\u015fit de\u011fne\u011fin ad\u0131, sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara lakap olarak tak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman anlam\u0131nda gelmi\u015f olabilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de Uygurlar de\u011fne\u011fe \u201c\u00e7omak\u201d derler. Bu terimin Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131na ge\u00e7ip edebi eserlerde de yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Balasagunlu Yusuf\u2019tan \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Kutadgu Bilig\u2019te (4701.beyitte) bu terim \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman\u201d anlam\u0131nda geliyor.76 Barthold ise bunun \u201ct\u00fcccar\u201d Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Uygur dili \u00fczerine dururken \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cUygurlar\u0131n \u00f6z T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir dilleri oldu\u011fu gibi, kendi aralar\u0131nda konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 zaman ayr\u0131 bir a\u011f\u0131z dahi kullan\u0131rlar\u201d (Atalay 1985: 29), \u201cdillerin en ye\u011fnisi O\u011fuzlar\u0131n, en do\u011frusu da Toxs\u0131 ile Ya\u011fmalar\u0131n dilidir. Uygur \u015fehirlerine var\u0131ncaya dek Erti\u015f-\u0130rti\u015f, \u201cIla-\u0130li, Yamar, Etil-\u0130til, \u0130dil \u0131rmaklar\u0131 boyunda oturan halk\u0131n dili do\u011fru T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Bunlar\u0131n en a\u00e7\u0131k ve en tatl\u0131s\u0131 Xakaniye \u2013 Hakanl\u0131lar \u00fclkesi halk\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Kansu\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren ve bakiyeleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Sar\u0131 Uygur ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler veriyor. Bilhassa, bu Uygurlara ait bilgileri Hatun s\u0131n\u0131 \u015fehri ile ilgili olarak belirtiyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u201cS\u0131n\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc \u201cmezar\u201d diye a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131ktan sonra \u201cKatun s\u0131n\u0131: \u00c7in ile Tan\u011fut \u00fclkesi aras\u0131nda bir \u015fehrin ad\u0131\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 138) diyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u015fehrin ad\u0131n\u0131 \u201chatun mezar\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde anlamak gerekir. Ama A. Zeki Velidi Togan ise bunu Katun \u015fehri anlam\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klamak istiyor. Togan, buna ait g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini \u201cSakasen ismi de \u2018Saka\u2019 s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u2018\u015fehir ve t\u00fcrbe\u2019 manas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u2018s\u0131n\u2019 kelimesiyle birle\u015ftirilmesinden ibaret olsa gerek; bu isim her halde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Edil\u2019deki Saks\u0131n \u015fehrinin ismi ile birdir. Uzakdo\u011fuda Khatun-Sin, Mo\u011folistan\u2019daki Bal\u011fas\u0131n da bu c\u00fcmledendir\u2019\u201986 \u015feklinde ifade etmekle \u201cKatun s\u0131n\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n \u201cHatun \u015fehri\u2019\u2019(veya Katun Bal\u0131k) anlam\u0131nda geldi\u011fini belirtiyor. El-Biruni\u2019de Hatun s\u0131n\u0131 Yukar\u0131 (do\u011fu) T\u00fcrk \u00fclkesindeki \u015fehirlerden biri olarak ge\u00e7er.87 S\u00f6z konusu \u015fehrin Orhun Uygur devleti devrinde, eskiden Karasu nehri veya Etszin G\u00f6l ad\u0131yla maruf olan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde E\u00e7ina ad\u0131 verilen nehrin 755-763 seneleri aras\u0131nda Uygurlar\u0131n \u00c7in\u2019in i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in verdi\u011fi askeri yard\u0131mlar sonucunda, Uygurlar ile \u00c7in aras\u0131nda diplomatik ve ticari ili\u015fkiler kurulur. Hun ve G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 gibi Uygur ka\u011fanlar\u0131 da \u00c7in prensesleri ile evleniyor. Bunlardan biri Tun Ba\u011fa Tarhan\u2019d\u0131r. 779 \u2019de B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp tahta ge\u00e7en Katun Bal\u0131k ad\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman Katun s\u0131n\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fi bilinmemektedir. El-Biruni\u2019de Hatun s\u0131n\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Yukar\u0131 (do\u011fu) T\u00fcrk \u00fclkesindeki \u015fehirlerden biri olarak ge\u00e7ti\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, bu ad\u0131n 11. as\u0131rdan \u00f6nce ayn\u0131 \u015fekli ile maruf oldu\u011fu belli olur. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Tangutlar\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 sonucunda y\u0131k\u0131lan Kansu Uygur devletine ait askeri olaylar\u0131 ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n ad\u0131n\u0131 genelle\u015ftirmek suretiyle Katun s\u0131n\u0131 ad\u0131na ba\u011flayarak tan\u0131tt\u0131klar\u0131ndan ayn\u0131 \u015fehrin Kansu Uygur devletinin hayat\u0131nda ne kadar \u00f6nemli yer tutu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Tangutlar ile Uygurlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7etin ve \u015fiddetli sava\u015flar cereyan ediyor. Bu sava\u015flarda bazen Uygurlar ba\u015far\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen nihayet Tangutlar 1028\u2019de Uygur devletini y\u0131k\u0131yor, 1036\u2019da Uygurlar\u0131n en son dayanak noktas\u0131 da Tangutlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7iyor. Bu tarihten sonra, Katun s\u0131n\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Etszin G\u00f6l\u2019\u00fcn a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 mecras\u0131 Tangutlar ile Kitanlar\u0131n, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tarifince Tangutlarla \u00c7in\u2019in hududu durumuna gelmi\u015ftir.94 Katun s\u0131n\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Tangutlar ile Kitanlar aras\u0131nda bir s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi te\u015fkil etti\u011fi \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda da ge\u00e7iyor. \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re Katun Bal\u0131k bir ara Kitanlar\u0131n elinde bulunmu\u015f. Kitanlar s\u0131n\u0131r m\u00fcdafaas\u0131n\u0131 tahkim etmek i\u00e7in \u00e7oktan beri harap bir durumda olan Katun Bal\u0131k (Katun s\u0131n\u0131)\u2019\u0131 yeniden onarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.95 Kansu Uygur devletine son veren ve \u00e7ok \u015fiddetli ve kanl\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde ge\u00e7en ayn\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131n hat\u0131ras\u0131 destan olarak Uygurlar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, nihayet bu destanlar edebi par\u00e7alar halinde Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f. Muhtemel Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bizzat kendisi taraf\u0131ndan derlenmi\u015f Begim \u00f6zin o\u011furlad\u0131 An\u0131 yetip s\u00fcng\u00fcledi Ba\u015f\u0131 boyn\u0131n s\u00f6ke turd\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da hem bir \u015fehir ad\u0131 hem de devlet ve h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ad\u0131na izafe edilmek suretiyle genel bir ad olarak da ge\u00e7en Katun s\u0131n\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, 11.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. 1256\u2019da Karakurum\u2019a giden Sel\u00e7uklardan R\u00fckneddin K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7arslan\u2165,28 Kas\u0131m tarihi ile \u0130zzeddin Keykavus\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir mektubunda Hoten yoluyla Kmrs\u00ee, Ktns\u0131ni ve Srg\u0131t\u2019a gitmi\u015ftir. Buradaki Ktns\u0131ni G\u00fcney Mo\u011folistan\u2019daki Katun-s\u0131n\u0131 demektir.98 Sonu\u00e7 olarak Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, eserinde Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgiler vermektedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, Uygurlar\u0131n siyasi, askeri, tarihi; dili, edebiyat\u0131, iktisat\u0131, \u015fehircili\u011fi, kahramanl\u0131k ruhu ve geleneklerini olduk\u00e7a ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygurlara y\u00f6nelik olumsuz tavr\u0131 ise onlar\u0131n \u0130slamiyete mukabil Budizmi benimsemi\u015f olmalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden Karahanl\u0131 sahas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Uygurlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk ad\u0131 ile tan\u0131tmay\u0131 tercih ediyor. B\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu halde iki sahada ya\u015fayan ve ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 olarak \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ve \u201cUygur\u201d ad\u0131 ile tan\u0131t\u0131lan iki toplulu\u011fun as\u0131l bir kavim ve Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n da Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kurulan bir devlet oldu\u011funu baz\u0131 maddelerde i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131klamalr:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n 1 Yusufcan Yasin, \u201cKa\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019a G\u00f6re T\u00fcrklerde Harp\u2019\u2019, 2. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Bilgi \u015e\u00f6leni Bildirileri: Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ve D\u00f6nemi, Ankara, 2009, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 762.<\/p>\n 2 \u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u5510\u5b8b\u5143\u660e\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\uff08\u6b27\u9633\u4fee\u64b0\u300a\u65b0\u5510\u4e66\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e03\u4e0a, 4 V. V. Barthold, Orta Asya T\u00fcrk Tarihi Hakk\u0131nda Dersler, Ankara, 2006, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 75. 9 \u94b1\u4f2f\u6cc9\u8457\u300a\u8f66\u5e08\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u8f66\u5e08\u79cd\u65cf\u521d\u63a2\u300b\u3001\u300a\u65b0\u7586\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff09, 1997\u5e74, \u7b2c25\u5377 \u7b2c\u4e09\u671f, 16 \u6cd5 J.R. \u54c8\u5bc6\u987f \u8457\u300a\u4e94\u4ee3\u56de\u9e58\u53f2\u6599\u300b, \u6211\u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 1982, \u65b0\u7586\u4eba\u4eec\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c145 \u9875. 23 R. R. Arat, age., s.164. \u6cd5J.R. \u54c8\u5bc6\u987f \u8457\u300a\u4e94\u4ee3\u56de\u9e58\u53f2\u6599\u300b, \u7b2c152-153\u9875. \u65e5 \u5b89\u90e8\u5065\u592b \u8457\u300a\u897f\u56de\u9e58\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b, 28 \u8c2d\u5176\u9aa7 \u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b, \u7b2c\u4e94\u518c\uff08\u968b \u5510 \u4e94\u4ee3\u5341\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff09, \u4e0a\u6d77, 1982\u5e74, \u5730\u56fe\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c94 \u9875. 33 Saadettin G\u00f6me\u00e7, agm., s. 2009, s. 289. 39 A.Zeki Velidi Togan, age., s.434. 45 \u6cd5 J.R. \u54c8\u5bc6\u987f \u8457\u300a\u4e94\u4ee3\u56de\u9e58\u53f2\u6599\u300b, \u7b2c172\u9875. 50 Faruk Sumer, age., s. 53. 55 DLT\u2019nin \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i n\u00fcshas\u0131nda bu ad \u201cBa\u00e7ak\u201d \u015feklinde tespit edilir. Bk. s.536. 57 Talat Tekin, XI. Y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrk \u015eiiri, Ankara, 1989, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 26. 62 Yusufcan Yasin, agm., 2009, s. 768. 66 A. Zeki Velidi Togan, age., 1981, s. 81. 69 \u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u9b4f\u664b\u5357\u5317\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b(\u4ee4\u72d0\u5fb7\u68fb\u64b0\u300a\u5468\u4e66\u300b\u5377\u4e94\u5341 \u5f02\u57df\u5217\u4f20\u4e0b, \u674e\u5ef6\u5bff\u64b0\u300a\u5317\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u4e5d\u5341\u4e03 \u897f\u57df\u4f20), \u7b2c399, 621\u9875. Li-Yen-xu, age., s. 422. \u011eerbiy Yurt Tarihiy Mat\u0131riyallari, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 2004, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s. 686. 71 [\u53e4\u4ee3\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f] \u9a6c\u82cf\u7b2c \u8457\u300a\u9ec4\u91d1\u8349\u539f\u300b, \u897f\u5b81, 1998\u5e74, \u9752\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c174 \u9875.<\/p>\n 72 Fuzuli Bayat, \u201cDivan\u00fc Lugat-it -T\u00fcrk\u2019te Tat Kavram\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi S\u00fcre\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7inde Etno-K\u00fclt\u00fcrel De\u011fi\u015fimleri\u2019\u2019, Uluslararas\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut Sempozyumu Bildiri Metinleri, 17-19 ekim 2008, Rize, Rize \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 74 A. Zeki Velidi Togan, age., 1981, s. 428, 183. ha\u015fiye. 78 Lin-Gan, Gao-Zi-hu, Kedimki Uygurlar Tarihi, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 2000, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s. 655 80 A.Cafero\u011flu, T\u00fcrk Dili Tarihi, \u0130stanbul, 1984, Enderun Kitabevi, s. 40 87 Faruk Sumer, age., s. 78. 94 A.G. Malyavkin, age., s. 171. 97 Talat Tekin, age., s. 20, 22. <\/p>\n Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n AKALIN, \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Haluk (2008), Bin Y\u0131l \u00d6nce Bin Y\u0131l Sonra Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ve Divanu Lugat ATALAY, Besim (1986), Divan\u00fc Lugat-it \u2013T\u00fcrk Terc\u00fcmesi, \u2162, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu LEVEND, Agah S\u0131rr\u0131 (1995), Ali \u015eir Nevai (Hayat\u0131, Sanat\u0131 ve Ki\u015fili\u011fi), Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih YAS\u0130N, Yusufcan (2009), \u201cKa\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019a G\u00f6re T\u00fcrklerde Harp\u2019\u2019, 2. Uluslararas\u0131 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Prof. Dr. Yusufcan YAS\u0130N \u00d6zet Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un Divan\u00fc Lugat-it -T\u00fcrk\u2019te Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgiler, di\u011fer T\u00fcrk kavimleriyle ilgili olarak sunulan bilgilere nazaran daha zengindir. Bilhassa bunlar 9-13. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki Budist Uygur devleti ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne, bu iki devletin ili\u015fkilerine ait \u00e7ok de\u011ferli malzemeleri i\u00e7ermektedir. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlarla ilgili olarak verdi\u011fi t\u00fcm bilgileri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4037","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-kimligi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4037","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4037"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4037\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4059,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4037\/revisions\/4059"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4037"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4037"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4037"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa DLT\u2019de T\u00fcrklerin g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131ndan devlet idaresine kadar her sahay\u0131 kapsayan \u00e7e\u015fitli bilgilerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr ve Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019un ansiklopedik bir eser ortaya koydu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
\ng\u00f6steriyor, bu iki kavram\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ba\u011fl\u0131yor. \u00dcmmet\u00e7i d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman ise Uygurlar\u0131 k\u0131n\u0131yor ve onlar\u0131 \u201ckat\u0131 k\u00e2firler\u2019\u2019, \u201cvefas\u0131z\u201d ibaresiyle ve \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda gelen \u201cTat\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fcyle tan\u0131t\u0131yor, onlara darbe vurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyor. Bilhassa, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u0130slam yanl\u0131s\u0131 olarak Karahanl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan Uygurlar ile Budist Uygurlar\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131 tutmak istiyor ve Karahanl\u0131lar tebaas\u0131 olan Uygurlara ise \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu tutumu da ilim sahas\u0131nda Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclalesi meselesinde tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olan etkenlerden biri olagelmi\u015ftir. Bu tart\u0131\u015fmalarda, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi bilgiler sayesinde kesin bir sonuca var\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\ninsanlara kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckt\u00fcr\u2019\u2019 (Atalay 1985 :351) \u015feklindeki bir hadisi kaydetmekle T\u00fcrklerin tarihte g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir askeri millet olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirir. Bu bilgileri \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda, Cahiz\u2019de ve \u0130bn Hass\u00fcl\u2019de ge\u00e7en kay\u0131tlar do\u011frular niteliktedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, T\u00fcrklerin askeri seciyesini ve bu sahada g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi maharetini Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n etimolojisi ve anlam\u0131ndan bahseden bir maddede \u015f\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r: \u201cZ\u00fclkarneyn Uygur illerine geldi\u011finde T\u00fcrk Hakan\u0131 ona d\u00f6rt bin ki\u015fi g\u00f6ndermi\u015f; tulgalar\u0131na tak\u0131lan kanatlar \u015fah\u0131n kanatlar\u0131 imi\u015f. Bunlar \u00f6ne ok att\u0131klar\u0131 gibi arkaya da ok atarlarm\u0131\u015f. Z\u00fclkarneyn bunlara \u015fa\u015fakalm\u0131\u015f ve \u0130nan Huzhurend demi\u015f \u2018bunlar kendi kendilerine ge\u00e7inirler, ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n yiyece\u011fine muhta\u00e7 olmazlar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunlar\u0131n elinden av kurtulmaz. \u0130stedikleri zaman
\navlay\u0131p yiyebilirler\u2019 demek istemi\u015f. Bu vilayete Huzhur ad\u0131 verilmi\u015f, sonralar\u0131 h (\u062e (harf\u0131 elife ) \u0627\u0644\u0641 )\u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece bo\u011fazdan gelen harflerin birbirine \u00e7evrilip durmas\u0131 olagan \u015feydir; hele \u0627\u0644\u0641 in \u062e ya, \u062e n\u0131n \u0627\u0644\u0641 e \u00e7evrildi\u011fi \u00e7oktur\u201d (Atalay\u21601985 :112-113). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, menk\u0131be mahiyetinde anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu beyanlar\u0131nda, Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n \u201cbahad\u0131r\u2019\u2019, \u201cat\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kta ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta \u00fcst\u00fcn bir d\u00fczeyde olan\u2019\u2019, \u201ckimseye dokunmaz insan\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini vurgulamakla birlikte, bunu tarihte b\u00fcy\u00fck istilac\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nan Z\u00fclkarney\u2019in a\u011fz\u0131ndan vermek yoluyla T\u00fcrklerin binicilik ve at\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k maharetine herhangi bir yabanc\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 koyamayaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir.1 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut \u015f\u00f6yle devam eder: \u201cKitab\u0131n sahibi Mahmut der ki, bunun i\u00e7indir ki bizim atalar\u0131m\u0131z olan beylere Hamir derler; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc O\u011fuzlar Amir diyemezler, \u0627\u0644\u0641harfini \u062e ya \u00e7evirerek s\u00f6ylerler. Babam\u0131z T\u00fcrk illerini Samanl\u0131 o\u011fullar\u0131ndan alan Beydir; ad\u0131na Hamir Tekin derler. Uygur kelimesinde g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn gibi \u0627\u0644\u0641 harfi \u062e ya \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. \u062e harfi \u0627\u0644\u0641 harfine \u00e7evrilince \u06e5\u062e\u0630 kelimesindeki \u0630 harfi de \u0649 ye \u00e7evrilirmi\u015ftir. Bu \u0630 nin \u0649 ye \u00e7evrilmesi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir kurald\u0131r. Bundan sonra \u0631\u064f\u062e kelimesindeki \u062e harfi \u063a yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u063a harfinin \u062e ya \u00e7evrilmesi her zaman olan bir \u015feydir; nas\u0131l ki Arap\u00e7ada \u0640\u064e\u062e\u062a\u0631ve \u0640\u064e\u063a\u062f\u0631 kelimelerinde de b\u00f6yle olmu\u015ftur\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 113-114). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dile getirdi\u011fi bu halk etimolojisinde iki \u00f6nemli mesele ayd\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fmu\u015f oluyor. Biri, Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n askerlik ve sava\u015fla ilgili bir deyim olarak tan\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n men\u015feine ait bir belge ile benzerlik te\u015fkil ediyor. Bu belgeye g\u00f6re, 787\u2019de Uygur h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Alp Kutlu\u011f Bilge Ka\u011fan \u00c7in\u2019e el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderip Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7incesi olan \u300a\u56de\u7ea5\u300b karakterinin \u201c\u015eah\u0131n s\u00fcrat\u0131 ile dola\u015fan ve h\u00fccum eden\u201d anlam\u0131nda gelen\u300a\u56de\u9e58\u300b karakteriyle de\u011fi\u015ftirlmesini istemi\u015ftir.2 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ve \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bu iki etimolojide \u015fahin ve sava\u015f sanat\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmaktad\u0131r. Burada, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ge\u00e7en etimolojinin menk\u0131be olmaktan ziyade tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ger\u00e7eklere uygun bir kay\u0131t oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu belgeler, Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n men\u015feine ait ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn Uygurlar aras\u0131nda as\u0131rlardan beri yayg\u0131n duruma gelen bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funu ve devlet adamlar\u0131, ayd\u0131nlar ve ileri gelenlerin her zaman bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc
\nbenimsedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bilhassa, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n etimolojisinden bahsederken T\u00fcrk illerini S\u00e2m\u00e2n\u00ee o\u011fullar\u0131ndan alan beylerin ad\u0131 \u00fczerine de\u011finmesi \u00e7ok ilgi \u00e7eken bir konudur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygur ad\u0131 sebebiyle o beylerden bahsetmesi, Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclalesinin men\u015feinin Uygurlara ba\u011fland\u0131klar\u0131ndan ileri gelmi\u015f olabilir. S\u00f6z konusu di\u011fer bir mesele, bu etimolojide Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n ilk \u015feklinden son \u015fekline do\u011fru geli\u015fme merhalesi fonetik kurallara uygun bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131klanmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi \u015f\u00f6yle olur: h d h rend hu hur u hur uyhur uygur. Bilhassa, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bu maddede 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yap\u0131lacak T\u00fcrk dilinin tasnifi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda
\n\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct olarak kullan\u0131lacak ses de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi olay\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut T\u00fcrk dili tarihindeki \u00f6nemli bir ses geli\u015fmesi olan \/d\/ > \/y\/ olay\u0131n\u0131 ilk kez belirleyen ve a\u00e7\u0131klayan bilgin h\u00fcviyetini kazanmaktad\u0131r3.<\/p>\n
\nUygurlarla olan ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylemiyor ve Karahanl\u0131lar ile Buddist Uygurlar aras\u0131nda kesin bir \u00e7izgi \u00e7iziyor. Bu \u00e7izginin arada din birli\u011finin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ileri geldi\u011fi eserde \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu halde, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131nda Uygurlar\u0131n ya\u015famakta olduklar\u0131na ve Karahanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclalesinin Uygurlardan
\ngeldi\u011fine kapal\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n yaz\u0131n oturdu\u011fu Pencike\u015f k\u00f6y\u00fc ise Be\u015fbal\u0131k \u015fehridir.7 Sulmi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019dan ba\u015fka Biruni\u2019de (\u201cal-K\u0101n\u016bn al-Mas\u2019ud\u00ee\u2019\u2019), Marvazi\u2019de (Tab\u0101\u2019 i\u2019al \u2013 hayav\u0101n\u2019\u2019),\u300a\u5143\u53f2\u300b(\u201cYuan S\u00fclalesi Tarihi\u2019\u2019)\u2019de, Maitrisimit\u2019de, ayr\u0131ca, Hoten metinleri, Tun-hu\u00e2n yazmalar\u0131 ve So\u011fdca vesikalarda da zikredilir. Y\u00fc-Tian-heng ve Pelliot, \u300a\u5143\u53f2\u300b\u2019ye istinaden buras\u0131n\u0131n Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinde, Be\u015fbal\u0131k\u2019a yak\u0131n bir yerde, bilhassa do\u011fu taraf\u0131nda oldu\u011fu fikrindedir. Fakat Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7izdi\u011fi yuvarlak haritada bu yer Be\u015fbal\u0131k\u2019tan \u00e7ok uzak bir yerde, yani Ko\u00e7u\u2019nun g\u00fcneyinde ve K\u00fcsen\u2019in kuzeyinde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. W. B. Henning, Geng-Shi-min ve \u00fcnl\u00fc dilci \u0130brahim Mut\u00ee gibi bir\u00e7ok bilginlerin fikrine g\u00f6re, Sulmi, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kara\u015feherdir, Maitrisimit\u2019de ge\u00e7en \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Sulmi\u201d ad\u0131ndaki yer buras\u0131d\u0131r.8 Chian-Bo-quan\u2019\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, Sulmi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir terim olup Sol s\u00f6z\u00fcne +mi ekinin eklenmesiyle yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u201csol tarafta yer alan \u015fehir\u201d anlam\u0131nda gelmektedir. Turfan\u2019da bulunan Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131ndaki Mani dini metinlerinde Sulmi veya Slomi ad\u0131ndaki bir yer veya Sulmilik, Solmilik ad\u0131 verilen bir \u015fehir \u00e7ok defa zikredilir. Sulmi, Barik\u00f6l (Barsk\u00f6l) s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndad\u0131r ve Hun devrine ait \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131ndan\u300a\u6c49\u4e66\u300b(\u201cHen-name\u2019\u2019)de ge\u00e7en \u201c\u4e14\u5f25\u2019\u2019(Che -mi) kalesidir. \u201c\u4e14\u5f25\u2019\u2019daki \u201c\u4e14\u201d\u00a0 karakteri \u201c\u7956\u2019\u2019(zu) \u015feklinde de telaffuz edilir. \u201cZu\u201d ile \u201cSu\u2019\u2019nun tellaf\u00fcz\u00fcnde pek \u00e7ok fark yoktur. \u201c\u4e14\u5f25\u201d ise Sulmi veya Solmi\u2019nin k\u0131saltmal\u0131 terc\u00fcmesidir.9 \u00c7anbal\u0131k ise Sanci\u2019dir. Buras\u0131, 13. asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Orta Asya\u2019dan ge\u00e7en \u0130bni Haldun\u2019un seyahatnamesinde \u201cJanbalex\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7er, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda ise \u201c\u5f70\u516b\u91cc\u201d \u201c\u660c\u516b\u524c\u2019\u2019, \u201c\u660c\u516b\u91cc\u2019\u2019, \u201c\u660c\u516b\u523a\u6210\u201d \u015feklinde kaydedilir. \u300a\u5143\u53f2\u300b(\u201cY\u00fcan S\u00fclalesi Tarihi\u2019\u2019)\u2019 de ses \u00e7evri ile \u201c\u4ef0\u5409\u516b\u91cc\u201d \u015feklinde
\nyaz\u0131lan Yan\u011fibal\u0131k ise kimilerine g\u00f6re, Manas\u2019ta,10 kimilerine g\u00f6re, Kutubi\u2019da11, kimilerine g\u00f6re, Manas ile Kutubi (Hutukbay, Hutupay) aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.12 Buras\u0131, Haldon\u2019da ge\u00e7en \u201cAngebalex\u201d ile bir zannedilir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en be\u015f \u015fehirden Yan\u011fibal\u0131k m\u00fcstesna di\u011ferleri esere eklenen yuvarlak haritada da kuzeyden g\u00fcneye do\u011fru yer alm\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Burada bir \u00f6nemli konu daha var ki, Be\u015fbal\u0131k\u2019\u0131n Uygurlar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehri oldu\u011funu bildiren Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 yine \u201cKo\u00e7u\u201d maddesinde Budist Uygurlar\u0131n devletine Uygur Devleti veya Ko\u00e7u Devleti ad\u0131n\u0131n verildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k bildirmektedir. Turfan\u2019da ele ge\u00e7en el yazmalar\u0131nda \u201cKo\u00e7u bal\u0131k\u201d ve \u201cKo\u00e7u ili\u201d adlar\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011fi gibi13, \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda bu devlet i\u00e7in \u201c\u56de\u9e58\u201d (Uygur), \u201c\u9ad8\u660c\u201d (Ko\u00e7u), \u201c\u548c\u5dde\u56de\u9e58\u201d (Ko\u00e7u Uygurlar\u0131\u2019\u2019), \u201c\u9ad8\u660c\u56fd\u2019\u2019(Ko\u00e7u devleti)
\nkarakteri tercih edilmi\u015ftir.14 B\u00fct\u00fcn bu belgeler Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6zlerini do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r. But\u00fcn bu verilerden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bahsi ge\u00e7en maddelerde Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131 etnik bir terim olmaktan ziyade siyasi bir anlamda tan\u0131mlamakla Budist Uygurlar\u0131n sadece Uygurlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n
\nKimi i\u00e7re oldurup
\nIla suw\u0131n ke\u00e7timiz
\nUygur taba ba\u015flan\u0131p
\nM\u0131n\u011flak elin a\u00e7t\u0131m\u0131z
\n\u201cGemi i\u00e7erisinde oturup Ila suyunu -bu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u0131rmakt\u0131r- ge\u00e7tik. Uygurlara do\u011fru y\u00f6neldik. M\u0131nlak elini a\u00e7t\u0131k\u2019\u2019 (Atalay 1986 III: 235). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 eserin bir ba\u015fka yerinde \u201cMin\u011flak bir yerin ad\u0131d\u0131r\u2019\u2019 demektedir. Buras\u0131, \u0130li Nehri kuzeyinde yer alan bir yer olabilir. Kimi ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar buras\u0131n\u0131 Uygur yurdunun bitimi olarak g\u00f6stermektedir.15 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Barsgan maddesinde \u015f\u00f6yle bir s\u00f6ylentiyi dile getirir: \u201cBarsgan: Afrasiyab\u2019\u0131n o\u011flunun ad\u0131d\u0131r. Barsgan \u015fehrini bu yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fehir Mahmut\u2019un babas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fehridir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle s\u00f6ylerler: Uygur hakan\u0131n\u0131n Barsgan ad\u0131nda bir at bak\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 varm\u0131\u015f. Havas\u0131 g\u00fczel oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in atlar\u0131 burada yeti\u015ftirirmi\u015f. Sonra Barsgan ad\u0131 buraya ad olarak verilmi\u015f (Atalay, 1986 III: 417-418). Barsgan\u2019\u0131n Uygur hakan\u0131n\u0131n yaylas\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirten bu rivayeti hangi Uygur devletinin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret ediyor? Bu rivayet Barsgan\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrgi\u015fler devrinde kurulmu\u015f oldu\u011funu ifade edebilece\u011fi gibi, ayn\u0131 zamanda Uygur h\u00e2kimiyetinin bir ara buraya kadar uzanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu da g\u00f6sterebilir. Ger\u00e7ekten, Uygur K\u00f6l Bilge Ka\u011fan, kitabesinde h\u00e2kimiyetinin buraya kadar yay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. DLT\u2019te \u201cBilge\u201d maddesinde Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, \u201cUygur Hakan\u0131na K\u00f6l Bilge Han\u201d ad\u0131 verilir, \u2018akl\u0131 g\u00f6l gibi\u2019 demektir. Burada \u00e7oklu\u011fu g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in su biriken yere benzetilmi\u015ftir. Yine ak\u0131ll\u0131 ki\u015fiye \u2018b\u00fcge bilge\u2019 denir\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 426) demektedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi bu bilgilerle ilgili olan Uygurlar\u0131n iki devrinde iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Biri, Orhun\u2019daki Uygur devletinin, di\u011fer biri \u0130\u00e7 Asya\u2019da kurulan Uygur devletinin h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Orhun\u2019da kurulan ve \u00d6t\u00fcken\u2019i ba\u015fkent yapan Uygur devletinin ilk ka\u011fan\u0131 Kulli\u011f Boyla, kendine \u201cKutlu\u011f Bilge K\u00fcl\/K\u00f6l Ka\u011fan\u201d unvan\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Bu unvan, \u015eine-Usu ve Kara Balsagun kitabesi\u2019nde \u201cK\u00fcl\/K\u00f6l Bilge Ka\u011fan\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7er.16 Aru-Han yaz\u0131t\u0131nda ayn\u0131 unvandan ba\u015fka Kulli\u011f\u2019e \u201cK\u00f6l Tarkan\u2019\u2019, \u201cK\u00f6l Beg Bilge Ka\u011fan\u201d unvanlar\u0131n\u0131n da verildi\u011fi kaydedilir.17 Ka\u011fan\u0131n tahta oturdu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Uygur devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 do\u011fuda \u015e\u0131rvilar\u0131n (\u5ba4\u97e6) yerle\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgeden bat\u0131da Altay Da\u011flar\u0131 (\u91d1\u5c71)\u2019na kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcneyde, Uygurlar \u00e7\u00f6l\u00fcn tamam\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip, eski Hunlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyet alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.18 Uygurlar\u0131n ikinci ka\u011fan\u0131 Moyun\u00e7or, \u015eimalde K\u0131rg\u0131zlarla, garpta Karluklar ve onlara yard\u0131m eden T\u00fcrgi\u015fler ve Basm\u0131llarla, ayr\u0131ca Sekiz O\u011fuz, Dokuz Tatar ve \u00c7iklerle sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, bunlar\u0131n hepsini kendine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f, h\u00e2kimiyetini Yenisey kaynaklar\u0131, \u00c7u-Talas havalisi, \u0130\u00e7-Asya ve Kerulen\u2019e kadar yaym\u0131\u015f. Talas muharebesi (751), Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f.19 B\u00fct\u00fcn bu bilgilerden anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, K\u00f6l\/K\u00fcl Bilge Ka\u011fan devrinde Uygur devletini s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bat\u0131da Altay Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan ge\u00e7memi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, onun haleflerinin tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi devirlerde ise Uygurlar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bat\u0131da Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bahsetti\u011fi Barsgan civarlar\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve buras\u0131 muhtemel Uygurlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca yaylalar\u0131ndan olmu\u015f. Bu hususta 821\u2019de Uygurlar\u0131n ba\u015fkentini ziyaret eden Temim \u0130bn Bahr\u2019de \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bilgelere rastl\u0131yoruz. Ona g\u00f6re, Yukar\u0131 Nu\u015facan (Nu\u015fcan) \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6rt b\u00fcy\u00fck ve d\u00f6rt de k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kent vard\u0131r. Yan\u0131nda bir
\ng\u00f6l bulunan bir kentte tam silahl\u0131 20.000 asker vard\u0131r.20Yukar\u0131 Nu\u015facan\u2019\u0131n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ge\u00e7en Barsgan ile ayn\u0131 yer oldu\u011fu kesinlikle bilinmektedir.21 Bu noktada Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 rivayet \u00f6nemlidir ve Orhun\u2019daki Uygur devletinin bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesinde de \u00f6nemli ve g\u00fcvenilir bir kaynak say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\n\u00f6ngt\u00fcn sa\u00e7iu, kidin nu\u00e7 barshankategi ilin\u00fc erksin\u00fc yrl\u0131kayur o\u011furda… (\u201cKutlu keng (\u015fipkanl\u0131), ate\u015f kutlu (unsurlu) koyun y\u0131l, ikinci ay, \u00fc\u00e7 yeniye, g\u00fcn ve ay tanr\u0131dan kut (saadet) bulmu\u015f, ulu kut (baht \u00fcst\u00fcne) yerle\u015fmi\u015f kuvvet ve faziletle il tutmu\u015f alp arslan kutlu k\u00fcl bilge tanr\u0131 han\u0131m\u0131z\u2026 tahta oturdu\u011fu, \u00f6nde (\u015farkta) sa\u00e7iu(= \u00e7ice Scha-tschou) ve arkada (garpta) Nu\u00e7 Barsgan\u2019a kadar idare etti\u011fi ve h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7a\u011fda\u2019\u2019).22 Burada ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en K\u00fcl (K\u00f6l) Bilge Tengri kimdir? Bunu, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dile getirdi\u011fi K\u00f6l Bilge Xan ile ayn\u0131 ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebilir miyiz? Kaz\u0131k kitabelerde ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en K\u00fcl\/K\u00f6l Bilge Tengri\u2019in tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u0131llarda do\u011fuda \u015ea-chou\u2019dan bat\u0131da Nu\u00e7 Barsgan\u2019a kadar olan sahalar\u0131 idare ettikleri hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Barsgan ve K\u00f6l Bilge Xan ile ilgili olarak kaydettiklerine tam uygunluk g\u00f6stermektedir. Fakat ayn\u0131 kaz\u0131k kitabe \u00fczerine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapan L. Bazin, F. W. K.M\u00fcller, J. R.Hamilton, Abe Takeo gibi bilginlerin K\u00fcl\/K\u00f6l Bilge Tengri\u2019nin tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u0131llara ait verdi\u011fi bilgiler birbirini tutmuyor. M\u00fcller\u2019e g\u00f6re bu, 767 tarihinde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir yaz\u0131tt\u0131r. Baz\u0131n kitabenin 899 tarihli olup K\u00f6l Bilge Han\u2019\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f tarihlerini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini ve ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en han\u0131n 947 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yaz\u0131yor. Hamilton ve Abe Takeo ise 947\u2019de yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Ayn\u0131 yerde bulanan ve i\u00e7erik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc burada s\u00f6z konusu olan kaz\u0131ktaki metinlerle benzerlik te\u015fkil di\u011fer bir kaz\u0131ktaki bilgiler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygur h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u015feklinde zikretti\u011fi K\u00f6l Bilge Han, pek kuvvetli ihtimal ile bu h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131r.23 Bunlardan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, 10.
\ny\u00fczy\u0131llarda Ko\u00e7u Uygur devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kuzey bat\u0131da \u0130sik K\u00f6l k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Barsgan\u2019a kadar uzan\u0131r. Buras\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclalesi i\u00e7in \u00f6zel at yeti\u015ftirecek bir yer olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece, Yedisu havalisi Uygur devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6lge olmu\u015ftur.24 Bahsedilen kaz\u0131kta ge\u00e7en Nu\u00e7 adl\u0131 yeri M\u00fcller ve onu takip eden Abe Takeo, G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler devrinden itibaren \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flayan ve Suyab Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcneyinde,
\n\u015ea\u015f (Ta\u015fkent)\u2019\u0131n kuzeyinde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilen Nu\u00e7kent ile birle\u015ftirilmektedir.25 \u015eayet bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f do\u011fru ise Uygur devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 daha bat\u0131ya uzan\u0131r. Ama amac\u0131m\u0131z Uygur devletinin kuzeybat\u0131daki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kesinlikle tespit etmek de\u011fildir, sadece Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi bilgilerin bu husustaki \u00f6nemini belirtmektir. Ger\u00e7ekten, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cBarsgan\u2019\u2019, \u201cBilge\u201d ve \u201cM\u0131nglak\u201d hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgiler sayesinde, Uygur devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeybat\u0131da \u00f6nceleri Yedisu havalisine kadar geni\u015fledi\u011fini, sonralar\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise bu b\u00f6lgeleri kaybedip, hudutlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde Ila(ili) Nehri\u2019nin orta ve yukar\u0131 mecralar\u0131nda bitti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Burada bahsetmek gereken bir husus daha var ki, \u00fcnl\u00fc T\u00fcrk bilgini Emel Esin \u201cT\u00fcrk Sanat\u0131nda At\u201d adl\u0131 bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cKa\u015fgar\u00ee zaman\u0131nda Uygur ka\u011fan\u0131n\u0131n atlar\u0131, Is\u0131k K\u00f6l platosunda Barsgan\u2019da otlat\u0131l\u0131yordu\u2019\u201926 demektedir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Barsgan Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan bir \u015fehirdi ve buras\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n babas\u0131n\u0131n da memleketi oldu\u011fu bildirilmi\u015ftir (Atalay 1986: 418). Muhtemel, Emel Esin hem yukar\u0131da bahsedilen rivayeti hem de buras\u0131n\u0131n Karahan\u0131l\u0131lar zaman\u0131nda da ba\u015fl\u0131ca bir hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k b\u00f6lgesi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak ayn\u0131
\nsonuca varm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Burada, ilgi \u00e7eken bir husus, Emel Esin Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kaydettiklerini Karahanl\u0131lara izafe ederek oras\u0131n\u0131n Uygur topraklar\u0131ndan oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermekle Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclalesinin de Uygurlardan geldiklerine i\u015faret etmi\u015ftir. Al\u0136ar\u015fi\u2019de Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131 Bilge K\u00fcl Kad\u0131r Han \u015feklinde zikredilmi\u015ftir.27 Orhun\u2019daki Uygur devleti ile Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n ilk h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n unvanlar\u0131ndaki bu benzerlik ve Ko\u00e7u Uygur devletinde K\u00fcl Bilge Tengri\u2019nin tahta ge\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u0131llar\u0131n takvim olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bu \u00fc\u00e7 devletin kurucular\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131 bir ba\u011flant\u0131n\u0131n var oldu\u011funu ve onlar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve devlet gelene\u011finin ayn\u0131 yoldan geldiklerini g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n
\nkan\u2019 denilen bir da\u011fda olmu\u015ftur. Bug\u00fcn \u2018Altun Kan\u2019 denir. Bunun \u00fczerine Z\u00fclkarneyn Hakanla bar\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Uygur \u015fehirlerini yapt\u0131; bir m\u00fcddet oralarda oturdu. Z\u00fclkarneyn \u00e7ekilip gittikten sonra Hakan \u015eu geldi, Balasagun\u2019a kadar ilerledi. Kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 vererek \u2018\u015eu\u201d ad\u0131ndaki \u015fehri yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u201d (Atalay 1986: 416). Bu iki efsanede ge\u00e7en da\u011f\u0131n Altay da\u011flar\u0131 oldu\u011fu zannedilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Altay da\u011flar\u0131 alt\u0131n madenleriyle ve Alt\u0131n Da\u011f ad\u0131yla tarihin \u00e7ok eski devirlerinden beri do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda maruf olmu\u015ftur. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da ge\u00e7en Uygur \u00fclkesi Ko\u00e7u Uygur Devleti\u2019ni g\u00f6sterir, Altay da\u011flar\u0131 bu devletin kuzey ve kuzey do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmektedir.28 \u201cBu da\u011f\u0131n \u00e7evresinde T\u00fcrk g\u00f6\u00e7ebeleri bulunurlar\u201d denilmesi de Altay\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrklerin ana yurdu oldu\u011funu ve T\u00fcrklerin ayn\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131 merkez\u00ee bir b\u00f6lge
\ndurumuna getirip h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u015faret eder. Burada Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Altay\u2019\u0131n as\u0131l ad\u0131, bulundu\u011fu yeri, maden bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zenginlikleri ve tarihte tuttu\u011fu yerini s\u00f6ylenti \u015feklinde ifade etmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk T\u00fcrk merkezlerinden Andronov K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda ise \u2013 b\u00fct\u00fcn Orta ve \u015eimal\u0131 Asya\u2019da alt\u0131n ilk defa ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta idi. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00e7ok kudretli ve
\nzengin i\u00e7timai hayat\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fahade edildi\u011fi Altaylar ger\u00e7ek bir alt\u0131n sanayii merkezi idi. Buradaki madencili\u011fin tesirleri cenupta Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131na kadar hissediliyordu.29 \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda Altay\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131n madenlerinden s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, antik \u00e7a\u011f Yunan eserlerinde de bu hususta baz\u0131 kay\u0131tlar zikredilmi\u015ftir. Herodot\u2019un yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cTarih\u201d adl\u0131 kitaba g\u00f6re, eski Yunanl\u0131lar Altay\u2019da ya\u015fayan kavmin ad\u0131n\u0131 bilmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in, sembolize ederek, Altay\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131n kaz\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na kendilerine iyice bilinen efsanelerdeki alt\u0131n koruyan ve y\u0131lan tenlik, ku\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131k hayvan Girfen\u2019in ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.30 Anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Altay\u2019\u0131n alt\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fini milattan \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri pek uzaklarda bulunan Yunanl\u0131lar da \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015ftir. Nitekim, bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, Altay ad\u0131 alt\u0131na ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Altay Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na Orkun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda \u201cAlt\u0131n Yi\u015f\u201d ad\u0131 verilmektedir, bu \u201cAlt\u0131n Da\u011f\u201d anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 ad anlam ve ses terc\u00fcmesi ile \u201cChin-Wei-shan\u201d(\u91d1\u5fae\u5c71), \u201cChin-Shan\u201d(\u91d1\u5c71), \u201cAn-tai- Shan\u201d(\u5b89\u53f0\u5c71), \u201cA-LiTai-Shan\u201d\uff08\u963f\u52d2\u53f0\u5c71\uff09 \u015feklinde kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Kara \u00e7am ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc kayal\u0131k da\u011flara Altayl\u0131larca \u201ctayga\u2019\u2019, kara ormana da \u201cy\u0131\u015f\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015f. T\u00fcrkl\u00fck bilgisi alimlerinden W.Radloff\u2019un g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re, Altay, al ve tayga ad\u0131ndan gelmi\u015f. \u00dcnl\u00fc T\u00fcrk bilgini Faruk Sumer de bunu isabetli g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f.31 Do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 elleri aras\u0131nda \u0130pek Yolu kervanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ayn\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda Altay b\u00f6lgesini kav\u015fak noktas\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f olan bir kervan yolu vard\u0131. \u00c7in\u2019in kuzey b\u00f6lgelerinden ba\u015flay\u0131p kuzey\u2019e do\u011fru gidip Altay da\u011flar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve g\u00fcney Siberya yaylaklar\u0131n\u0131 takip ederek Kara Deniz dolaylar\u0131na kadar ula\u015fan bu yolda, Altay ba\u015fl\u0131ca da\u011f\u0131t\u0131m merkezi olmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 yolda do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 ellerine ta\u015f\u0131nan mallar, \u00e7o\u011funlukla Altay\u2019da imal edilen ve alt\u0131n, bak\u0131r, bronz ve demirden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f mamuller oldu\u011fundan, ayn\u0131 kervan yoluna \u201cAlt\u0131n Yolu\u201d veya \u201cBronz Yolu\u201d ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir.32 Demek ki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bu iki efsaneyi vermekle Altay Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n yer alt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131, siyasi ve askeri ve
\nk\u00fclt\u00fcrel bak\u0131mdan T\u00fcrk tarihinde oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 rol\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6sterme\u011fe \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n
\nkaynaklar\u0131 ve el sanatlar\u0131 ile maruf olan bir devlet olarak Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131 eteklerinde ve Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131\u2019nda yer alan 36 devleti temir ile temin ediyordu.37 856\u2019den sonra da Be\u015fbal\u0131k ve Ko\u00e7u\u2019yu ba\u015fkent eden Uygur devletine tabilik stat\u00fcs\u00fc arzederek kendi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumu\u015ftur. Bu hususta \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cK\u00fcsen\u2019de Uygurlar\u0131n ba\u015fka bir soyu oturur. H\u00fck\u00fcmdar kendisine \u2018Arslan Han\u2019 der. \u0130nciden ta\u00e7 ve sar\u0131 elbise giyer. 9 naz\u0131rla devleti idare eder. Paralar\u0131 yoktur, para yerine i\u015flemeli kuma\u015flar kullan\u0131rlar. Pirin\u00e7, bu\u011fday, kavun ve meyveleri vard\u0131r. Bu yerden bat\u0131da Da-shi devletine (\u5927\u98df\u56fd)\u2019e 60 g\u00fcnl\u00fck, do\u011fuda Sha-Chou (\u590f\u5dde)\u2019ya 90 g\u00fcnl\u00fck yol vard\u0131r. Bu devlete \u2018XiChou Uygurlar\u0131\u2019(\u897f\u5dde\u56de\u9e58) veya \u2018Xi-chou K\u00fcsen \u2019(\u897f\u5dde\u9f9f\u5179) ad\u0131 verilir. Ayr\u0131ca, \u2018K\u00fcsen Uygurlar\u0131\u2019 (\u9f9f\u5179\u56de\u9e58) da denilir.\u2019\u201938 Anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 burada Ko\u00e7u Uygur devletine ba\u011flanan bu \u015fehir devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f oluyor ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Ko\u00e7u Uygur devletinin siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131yla da ilgili bir bilgi vermek istiyor.<\/p>\n
\nbulundu\u011fu yerden s\u00f6z a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rken, buras\u0131n\u0131 \u201cKu\u00e7a, Kin\u011f\u00fct ve Uygurlar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bulunan bir g\u00f6l\u2019 \u2019(\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984: 186 ) \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlar.41 Bu ifadeden, Kin\u011f\u00fct\u2019\u00fcn Ku\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda ve Ko\u00e7u\u2019nun bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan bir \u015fehir oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Ku\u00e7a\u2019n\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusunda ve Kara\u015feher\u2019in kuzeybat\u0131s\u0131nda, Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kalbinde yer alan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Mo\u011folca \u201cBayin Bulak\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir yayla, eskiden T\u00fcrk\u00e7e \u201cYultuz Yaylas\u0131\u201d ad\u0131yla maruf olmu\u015ftur.
\nHala, Uygurlar buraya Yultuz Yaylas\u0131 derler. Ayn\u0131 yaylan\u0131n bulundu\u011fu da\u011flar aras\u0131ndan kaynaklanan bir nehir de \u201cYultuz Nehri\u2019\u2019(di\u011fer bir ad\u0131 \u201cKaydu\u2019\u2019) ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131yor. Ayn\u0131 yaylan\u0131n merkezi b\u00f6lgesinde y\u00fcz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 300 kilometrekareden fazla bir sahay\u0131 kapsayan ve \u201cAkku K\u00f6l\u00fc\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bir g\u00f6l vard\u0131r. \u00c7evresinin g\u00fczelli\u011fiyle insan\u0131 cezbeden bu g\u00f6lde ve civarlar\u0131nda 128 \u00e7e\u015fit ku\u015f ve 20 \u00e7e\u015fitten fazla hayvan ya\u015f\u0131yor. G\u00f6l, g\u00f6kteki y\u0131ld\u0131zlara benzeyen pek \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcc\u00fck g\u00f6llerin birle\u015fmesiyle \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zikretti\u011fi g\u00f6l, mutlaka budur. S\u00f6z konusu yaylan\u0131n kuzeyi \u0130li Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 mecras\u0131n\u0131n ak\u0131p ge\u00e7ti\u011fi b\u00f6lgeye biti\u015fik bir durumdad\u0131r. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ifadelerinden Uygur devletinin kuzey bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 g\u00f6le yak\u0131n bir yerden veya yaylan\u0131n kuzey kesimlerinden ge\u00e7ti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Bundan hareketle bir\u00e7ok bilgin Kin\u011f\u00fct\u2019\u00fc Kara\u015feher s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan bir \u015fehir olarak tan\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131ndan\u300a\u5317\u53f2\u300b(\u201c\u015eimali S\u00fclaliler Tarihi\u2019\u2019),\u300a\u9b4f\u4e66\u300b(\u201cWei-name\u2019\u2019),\u300a\u5468\u4e66\u300b(\u201cZhou-name\u2019\u2019),\u300a\u968b\u4e66\u300b(\u201cS\u00fci-name\u2019\u2019)\u2019da Kara\u015feher\u2019in (T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Sulmi, Sanskrit\u00e7e Agni) Ko\u00e7u, K\u00fcsen, Ka\u015fgar, Yarkend, Udun (Hoten) ile e\u015fit durumda olan ve idaresi alt\u0131nda dokuz \u015fehir bulunan olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehir devleti oldu\u011fu kaydedilir.42 Kaz\u0131larda Kara\u015feher\u2019in s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan bir\u00e7ok \u015fehrin kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 da bulundu. Bunun aras\u0131nda birisinin Kin\u011f\u00fct oldu\u011fu muhtemeldir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu veriler g\u00f6steriyor ki, \u00e7oktan beri Kara\u015feher s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bu \u015fehir,
\nKo\u00e7u Uygur devleti devrine gelince bir s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesini te\u015fkil etmi\u015f oluyor. Bu tarihten \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri, yani 3-5.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda da Kara\u015feher devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n kuzey bat\u0131da ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7erek Usunlar memleketine, yani \u0130li Nehri\u2019nin yukar\u0131 mecras\u0131na kadar uzanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011freniyoruz.43<\/p>\n
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmdar s\u00fclalesine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir terim olarak g\u00f6steriyor. Ama bizim \u00e7ok ilgimizi \u00e7eken nokta, Tar\u0131m ad\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fudaki Uygurlarda da kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.\u300a\u518c\u5e9c\u5143\u9b3c\u300b(\u201cKitaplar Cevheri\u2019\u2019)\u2019de, 924 tarihinde Kansu Uygurlar\u0131ndan \u00c7in saray\u0131na giden bir el\u00e7inin ad\u0131 \u201c\u5929\u94c1\u6797\u201d \u015feklinde ge\u00e7iyor. Hamilton\u2019a g\u00f6re, bu ad\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi Tian Tar\u0131m\u2019d\u0131r ve Tar\u0131m ise T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir unvand\u0131r. Hamilton yine Tar\u0131m ad\u0131n\u0131n Tengrim kelimesinden t\u00fcreyen bir terim oldu\u011funu bildirmektedir.45 Turfan metinlerinde Tengrim kelimesi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar k\u0131zlar\u0131 ve zevceleri i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir unvan gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.46 Anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Tar\u0131m ile Tengrim kelimeleri her iki devlette ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor, \u00fcstelik Tar\u0131m\u2019\u0131n men\u015fe\u2019i Tengrim kelimesine ba\u011flan\u0131yor. Birbiriyle ili\u015fkili olan bu iki terimin Ko\u00e7u\u2019da ve Karahanl\u0131larda ayn\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti\u011fine veya Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cHakanl\u0131 hanlar\u0131n\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131ndan ba\u015fkas\u0131na b\u00f6yle s\u00f6ylenmez\u201d \u015feklindeki tarifine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa her iki devletin bir kavim, yani Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011fu ve din ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Tengrim kelimesinin Karahanl\u0131larda Tar\u0131m \u015feklinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli olur.<\/p>\n
\nd\u00fczenlemelere gitmi\u015flerdir. Bu te\u015fkilatlanma s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusu, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131n da bat\u0131s\u0131na denk gelen b\u00f6lgelerde Ch\u2019an-y\u00fc ve Han-hai askeri valili\u011fi ad\u0131yla bir taksimat olur. Buna g\u00f6re Han-hai valiliklerinden birisi Hsin-li, yani \u2018Taze Aramut\u2019 tutuklu\u011fudur ki Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kabaca tarifine uygundur.\u2019\u201948 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok yerde O\u011fraklardan s\u00f6z a\u00e7ar, buna g\u00f6re, s\u0131n\u0131rda oturan bu T\u00fcrk oyma\u011f\u0131na Kara \u0130\u011fa\u00e7 dahi denir.49 Burada ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Faruk S\u00fcmer Uygur s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131klar ve onlar\u0131n On Oklar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrer.50 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bir par\u00e7ada O\u011fraklar\u0131n yigitlikle ve c\u00f6mertlikle tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir T\u00fcrk boyu oldu\u011funu bildiriyor (Atalay 1985: 468). Bir ba\u015fka par\u00e7ada onlar\u0131n m\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordusunun yan\u0131n\u0131 tutarak onlar ile birlikte sava\u015f yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan bahseder (Atalay 1986: 183). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da O\u011fraklar Ya\u011fmalardan sonra gelir. Bunlara g\u00f6re, O\u011fraklar\u0131n Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011flarda \u0130li k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na gelmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 zannedilir.<\/p>\n
\ns\u00f6zl\u00fcklerden de bahseder: \u201cTen\u011friken: Tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nan bilgin, ruhani, zahit. Gavurlar\u0131n (M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulunm\u0131yan T\u00fcrklerin) dilince\u2019\u2019(\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984: 530).52 \u201cTen\u011fri: Tanr\u0131, aziz ve ulu Tanr\u0131. \u015eu savda dahi gelmi\u015ftir: \u2018toy\u0131n tapu\u011fsak, Ten\u011fri sefin\u00e7siz = toy\u0131n tapmak ister, Tanr\u0131 memnun de\u011fil\u2019, m\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulunmayan T\u00fcrklerin din ulusu Tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131n\u0131r; fakat y\u00fcce Tanr\u0131 onun yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015ften memnun de\u011fildir\u2026 yere batas\u0131 kafirlere g\u00f6ge \u2018Ten\u011fri\u2019 derler. Yine bu adamlar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir da\u011f, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u011fa\u00e7 gibi g\u00f6zlerine ulu g\u00f6r\u00fcnen her \u015feye \u2018Ten\u011fri\u2019 derler. Bu y\u00fczden bu gibi \u015feylere y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcrler (secde ederler). Yine bunlar bilgin ki\u015fiye \u2018Ten\u011friken\u2019 derler. Bunlar\u0131n sap\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131ndan Tanr\u0131ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r\u0131z\u201d (\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984: 514-515 ). \u201cNom: nom, din \u015feriat. Buradan al\u0131narak ten\u011fri nomi denir ki, \u2018Allah\u0131n dini ve \u015feriat\u0131\u2019
\ndemektir. B\u00fct\u00fcn dinlere de \u2018nom\u2019 denir. Bu, \u00c7ince bir kelimedir\u201d (\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1984: 186). \u201cY\u00fck\u00fcnd\u00fc: y\u00fck\u00fcnd\u00fc, secde etmek, tap\u0131nd\u0131. \u2018Kul Ten\u011frige y\u00fck\u00fcnd\u00fc.=kul Tanr\u0131ya secde eyledi\u2019. Toy\u0131n burhanka y\u00fck\u00fcnd\u00fc = toyun \u2013 Buda dininin ulusu \u2013 puta secde etti\u2019 \u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 84). Yukar\u0131da \u201cTen\u011fri\u201d maddesinde bir \u00f6rne\u011fini g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz gibi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bu \u00e7e\u015fit terminolojiden bahsederken, bununla ilgili olarak s\u00f6ylenen savlar\u0131 da dile getirmekten \u00e7ekinmemi\u015f. Ayr\u0131ca bu maddede Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, bir taraftan T\u00fcrklerin tabiat kuvvetlerine tap\u0131nma inanc\u0131n\u0131n Uygurlarda h\u00e2l\u00e2 muhafaza edildi\u011fini, di\u011fer bir taraftan Uygurlar\u0131n \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrklerin ana k\u00fclt\u00fc\u201d durumuna gelen G\u00f6k-Tanr\u0131 dinini koruduklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret eder. Uygurlar\u0131n hem G\u00f6k-Tanr\u0131ya tap\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 hem de Budizmi benimsedikleri \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda kaydedildi\u011fi gibi, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Turfan\u2019da Uygur tap\u0131naklar\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret eden Rubruk\u2019un seyahatnamesinde de ge\u00e7er.53 Uygurlar\u0131n tabiat kuvvetlerine tap\u0131nmas\u0131na, yani y\u00fcksek da\u011flara ve b\u00fcy\u00fck a\u011fa\u00e7lara inand\u0131klar\u0131na ait bilgiler \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda, Gerdizi\u2019de ve Cuveyni\u2019de de kaydedilen bir husustur.54 Burada farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren bir nokta var ki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bu hususlardan bahsederken sadece m\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k yanl\u0131s\u0131 olarak Uygurlar\u0131n bu \u00e7e\u015fit inan\u00e7lar\u0131na k\u0131nama g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bakm\u0131\u015f oluyor.<\/p>\n
\nIla suw\u0131n ke\u00e7timiz
\nUygur taba ba\u015flan\u0131p
\nM\u0131n\u011flak elin a\u00e7t\u0131m\u0131z
\n\u201cgemi i\u00e7erisinde oturup Ila suyunu \u2013 bu, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u0131rmakt\u0131r-ge\u00e7tik. Uygurlardan yana y\u00f6neldik. M\u0131n\u011flak elini a\u00e7t\u0131k\u2019\u2019. (Atalay 1986: 235)
\nBe\u00e7kem urup atlaka
\nUygurdak\u0131 tatlaka
\nO\u011fr\u0131 yawuz \u0131tlaka
\nKu\u015flar kibi u\u00e7t\u0131m\u0131z
\n\u201cAtlara belge vurarak Uygurdaki tatlara, h\u0131rs\u0131z, k\u00f6t\u00fc itlere ku\u015flar gibi u\u00e7tuk\u201d (Atalay 1985:483)<\/p>\n
\nTen\u011frig \u00fck\u00fc\u015f \u00f6gd\u00fcm\u00fcz
\nKem\u015fip at\u0131g tegdimiz
\nAldap yana ka\u00e7t\u0131m\u0131z
\n\u201cKuyru\u011fu s\u0131k\u0131 d\u00f6\u011fd\u00fck, Tanr\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6\u011fd\u00fck, gemi \u00e7ekerek at\u0131 \u00f6zengeledik, aldatarak yine ka\u00e7t\u0131k\u201d (Atalay 1985: 472)<\/p>\n
\nTegme yan\u011fuk pust\u0131m\u0131z
\nKesmelerin kestimiz
\nMin\u011flak erin b\u0131\u00e7t\u0131m\u0131z
\n\u201cgeceleyin bast\u0131k, her yandan pusu kurduk, per\u00e7emlerini kestik, m\u0131n\u011flak adamlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7t\u0131k\u201d
\n(Atalay \u21601985: 434)
\nKeln\u011fizley\u00fc akt\u0131m\u0131z
\nKendler \u00fcze \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m\u0131z
\nFurxan ewin y\u0131kt\u0131m\u0131z
\nBurxan \u00fcze s\u0131\u00e7t\u0131m\u0131z
\n\u201cseller gibi akt\u0131k, \u015fehirler \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k, put evini y\u0131kt\u0131k, putlat \u00fczerine yestehledik\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 343-344).<\/p>\n
\ndevletine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olan ve onun bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden K\u00fcsen\u2019de al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fte kullan\u0131lan bu i\u015flemeli kuma\u015f\u0131n Kamdu ile bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu zannediyoruz, bu hususta hi\u00e7 bir ku\u015fkumuz yoktur. Di\u011fer kaynaklarda benzer kay\u0131tlar\u0131n ge\u00e7memesine ra\u011fmen Kamdu\u2019nun Uygurlarda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir tarihe sahip oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. G\u00f6kt\u00fcrklerin fetret devrinden itibaren g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcl olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Hazarlar\u0131n al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f hayat\u0131 bu husustaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemizi destekliyor. Hakan s\u00fclalesinin Uygur k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu bildirilen ve Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da Suvarin ad\u0131yla ge\u00e7en Hazar ahalisinin ticarette 4 zir\u00e2 uzunlukta ve bir bu\u00e7uk kar\u0131\u015f geni\u015flikte \u201cekin\u201d tesmiye edilen kuma\u015f paralar (y\u00e2ni k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t para benzeri) kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yine Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019dan \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Bu kuma\u015f paralar, Uygurlar\u0131n Kamdu ad\u0131 verilen kuma\u015f paralar\u0131na \u00e7ok benziyordu.63 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dile getirdi\u011fi bir \u00e7e\u015fit \u00f6deme arac\u0131 olan Kamdu, Turfan\u2019da bulunan sivil belgelerinde \u201cb\u00f6z\u2019\u2019 (pamuk kuma\u015f) ve \u201ckuanpu\u201d adlar\u0131yla ge\u00e7iyor. \u00dczerine damga bas\u0131lan bu b\u00f6z ve Kuanpu\u2019nun nerelerde ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k bildirilmi\u015ftir. Bundan ba\u015fka Uygurlar\u0131n gene iki \u00e7e\u015fit \u00f6deme arac\u0131 da vard\u0131r. Bunun biri, madeni para
\n(alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, bak\u0131r) ve di\u011fer birisi ise Mo\u011fol d\u00f6neminde tedav\u00fclde olan k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t para (\u00c7av)d\u0131r.64 Pamuk kuma\u015f par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n para yerine kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da da son zamanlara kadar y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte idi.65 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u201cKev\u00e7i: Uygur illerine kadar Ka\u015fgaristan\u2019da kullan\u0131lan hububat \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr, on r\u0131tl al\u0131r (bir r\u0131tl on iki okkad\u0131r)\u2019\u2019 (Atalay 1985: 417-418) \u015feklindeki tarifinden ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece Karahanl\u0131lar ile Budizm muhitindeki Uygurlarda kullan\u0131lan bir birim oldu\u011funu anl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\nUygur tat\u0131n yufka al\u0131p yumg\u0131n satar
\n\u201cY\u00fcksek da\u011f\u0131 yurt tutarak o\u011flak katar,
\nUygur tatlar\u0131ndan ucuz al\u0131r, toptan pahal\u0131 satar.\u201d (Atalay 1986: 294).<\/p>\n
\n\u00c7inlilerden ba\u015fkas\u0131 okuyamaz. S\u00f6ylediklerim \u015fehir halk\u0131d\u0131r\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 38). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, \u201cKa\u015fgar\u2019dan Yukar\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e dek, \u00e7epe\u00e7evre b\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrk \u00fclkelerinde hakanlar\u0131n ve sultanlar\u0131n yarl\u0131\u011flar\u0131, mektuplar\u0131 \u2013 eskiden beri \u2013 bu yaz\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lagelmi\u015ftir.\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 10) \u015feklinde tan\u0131t\u0131yor. Ama Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin saraylar\u0131nda da bu yaz\u0131 \u00e7ok itibar kazanm\u0131\u015f oluyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n da bildirdi\u011fi gibi, Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00d6n Asya\u2019daki Sel\u00e7uklu sultanlar\u0131yla m\u00fck\u00e2tebeleri de Uygur harfleri ile T\u00fcrk\u00e7e icra olunuyordu. Yani Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n resmi dil ve yaz\u0131lar\u0131 Uygur yaz\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e idi.66 1027 senesinde Uygur ve Kitay han\u0131ndan Gazneli Sultan Mahmud\u2019a gelen el\u00e7i T\u00fcrk usul\u00fc ve takvimine g\u00f6re Uygurca yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir mektup getirmi\u015fti ki bunun Arap\u00e7a terc\u00fcmesi bize kadar gelmi\u015ftir. H\u00e2rzem\u015fahlar da \u015fark T\u00fcrkleri ile Uygurca (Hatt-\u0131 Uygur\u00ee) yaz\u0131larla muhaberatta bulunurlard\u0131.67 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut\u2019ta bir cetveli de verilen ayn\u0131 alfabenin T\u00fcrk yaz\u0131s\u0131 olarak vas\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, bunun t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda yayg\u0131n bir duruma gelen bir yaz\u0131 oldu\u011fundan ileri gelmi\u015f olabilir. Bilhassa Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygurlar\u0131n bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00f6zel olarak durmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu yaz\u0131n\u0131n ilk olarak hangi T\u00fcrk kavmi taraf\u0131ndan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. O halde, So\u011fd yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynaklanan ve ilk olarak Turfan\u2019da ya\u015fayan Uygurlar aras\u0131nda 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan68, sonra Orhun\u2019daki Uygurlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131nda T\u00fcrk Yaz\u0131s\u0131 (Orkun Yaz\u0131s\u0131)\u2019ndan sonra gelen bu yaz\u0131, Ka\u015fgar ve civarlar\u0131na y\u00e2ni Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131na nas\u0131l yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f? Karahanl\u0131lar bunu, do\u011fudaki kom\u015fusu Budist
\nUygurlardan m\u0131 al\u0131yorlar? Elbette b\u00f6yle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019dan Yukar\u0131 \u00c7in\u2019e kadar t\u00fcm T\u00fcrk memleketlerinde eskiden ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu bildirmekle birlikte Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n da kurulu\u015fundan bu yana senetlerini ve resmi mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 ayn\u0131 yaz\u0131 ile yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015faret ediyor. Burada Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n devletlerce kullan\u0131m sahas\u0131 i\u00e7in sadece Ka\u015fgar\u2019dan do\u011fuya do\u011fru bir hat \u00e7iziyor. B\u00f6ylece, bu alfabenin ba\u015fta Uygur devletleri olmak \u00fczere Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusundaki T\u00fcrk \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 bildirmek istiyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, yukar\u0131da bahsedilen kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda Uygurlar\u0131n di\u011fer bir yaz\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerine dururken, \u201cUygurlar\u0131n ve \u00c7inlilerin ayr\u0131 bir yaz\u0131lar\u0131 daha vard\u0131r. Defterlerini, senetlerini bununla yazarlar. Bu yaz\u0131y\u0131 m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Uygurlarla \u00c7inlilerden ba\u015fkas\u0131 okuyamaz\u201d demektedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dile getirdi\u011fi yaz\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Ko\u00e7u Alfabesi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lmakta olan yaz\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Bu hususta \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli kay\u0131tlar vard\u0131r. Orta Asya, M.\u00d6. 2. as\u0131rda Hen \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olarak Bat\u0131\u2019ya do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u00c7in\u2019de h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren devletlerin politikas\u0131nda hassas bir problem yerine ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Devlet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 Orta Asya\u2019ya geni\u015fletmek ve burada \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn n\u00fcfuzunu kurmak, saray adamlar\u0131n\u0131n kafas\u0131n\u0131 yoran bir konu olmu\u015ftur. Her defa Orta Asya\u2019dan s\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00c7inliler i\u00e7in Turfan, Kumul ve Bar\u0131k\u00f6l en son direnecek saha olarak saptanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgeleri elinde tutmak veya kaybetmek, \u00c7inlilerin Orta Asya\u2019daki mukadderat\u0131n\u0131 tayin ediyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu siyasi ve askeri ihtiya\u00e7lardan dolay\u0131, Turfan\u2019da ya\u015fayan Uygurlar \u00e7ok eski devrlerde \u00c7in k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile temasa ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bunun sonucunda onlar \u00c7inceyi benimsemi\u015f ve bundan istifade ederek \u201c\u00c7ince yaz\u0131lan ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e okunan\u201d bir alfabeyi v\u00fccuda getirmi\u015ftir. \u201cKo\u00e7u alfabesi\u201d ad\u0131 verilen bu yaz\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00c7in y\u0131ll\u0131klar\u0131nda sarih malumatlar vard\u0131r ve \u201cyaz\u0131s\u0131 Hua-shia alfabesi benziyor\u201d69 denilmektedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n dile
\ngetirdi\u011fi ayn\u0131 kay\u0131ttan da \u015fekil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00c7inceye benzeyen, ama anlam\u0131n\u0131 hem T\u00fcrkler hem de \u00c7inliler anlayabilen Ko\u00e7u alfabesinin kastedildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Ne zaman kullana ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Uygurlar\u0131n \u00c7inlilerle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerinde tatbik edildi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebildi\u011fimiz bu yaz\u0131 ile yaz\u0131lan belgeler Turfanda ele ge\u00e7en metinler aras\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1928-1930 senelerinde Turfan\u2019da bulunan
\nManiheizme ait bir belgenin \u00fczerine vurulan damgada \u201c\u5927\u798f\u5927\u5efb\u9e58\u56fd\u201d karakterleri vard\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc yaz\u0131 bilimcisi Kurban Veli\u2019ye g\u00f6re, bu \u00c7ince yaz\u0131l\u0131p Uygurca okunan Ko\u00e7u alfabesiyle yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Metinde ge\u00e7en \u201c\u5927\u201d i\u015fareti eski Uygurca \u201c\u0130duk\u2019\u2019(b\u00fcy\u00fck, ulu, kutlu), \u201c\u798f\u201d i\u015fareti ise \u201cKut\u2019\u2019(saadetli), \u201c\u5927\u201d i\u015fareti \u201culu\u2019\u2019(b\u00fcy\u00fck), \u201c\u5efb\u9e58\u201d i\u015faretleri ise \u201cUygur\u2019\u2019, \u201c\u56fd\u201d ise \u201c\u0130l\u2019\u2019(devlet) s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ifade ediyor ve tam olarak \u201c\u0130dikut Ulu\u011f Uygur \u0130li\u201d anlam\u0131nda geliyor.
\nBunun 788 senelerinde yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Orhun\u2019daki Uygur devletinin ad\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti\u011fi bildirilmektedir. Yine Turfan\u2019da bulunan di\u011fer bir belgede ge\u00e7en \u201c\u9ad8\u660c\u5409\u5229\u201d karakterini Kurban Veli \u201cKo\u00e7u \u0130li\u201d anlamm\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\nBunu \u00c7in ve \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131 da teyid ediyor. \u015eunu s\u00f6ylemek laz\u0131m ki, burada as\u0131l amac\u0131m\u0131z, Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n sahas\u0131nda Uygurlar\u0131n yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve hanedan soyunun da Uygurlardan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlamak de\u011fildir, sadece, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu hususla ilgili baz\u0131 bilgileri a\u00e7\u0131k ve gizli bir \u015fekilde vermi\u015f oldu\u011funu belirtmek ve onu di\u011fer baz\u0131
\nkaynaklar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla do\u011frulamakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu hususla ilgili olarak \u00c7in ve \u0130slam kaynaklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7en kay\u0131tlardan bir iki \u00f6rnek g\u00f6stermek \u00e7ok yerindedir ve bu Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bilimsel de\u011ferinin daha iyi bilinmesi i\u00e7in faydal\u0131d\u0131r.\u300a\u91d1\u53f2\u300b(\u201c\u00c7in Devleti Tarihi\u2019\u2019)\u2019de \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cDa-ding saltanat devrinde (1161-1189) Uygurlardan ba\u015fta \u0130slam olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ki\u015fi G\u00fcneybat\u0131 Mahkemeye gelerek ticaret yapt\u0131lar. Onlar \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u2018Bizim memleket
\nUygurlar\u0131n Zokufan kabilesinindir. Ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z yer, Kuz Ordu ad\u0131 verilen bir \u015fehirdir. Burada eskiden silah kullan\u0131lmaz ve ahaliler \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik ile ge\u00e7inirler, elde edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin onda birini devlete teslim ederler. Az \u00f6nce Kitanlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fccumlara dayanamad\u0131k. Bu nedenle, onlara boyun e\u011fmeye mecbur olduk.\u2019\u201970 S\u00f6z konusu kay\u0131tlarda Uygurlar\u0131n Zokufan kabilesi yerle\u015fen ve Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fkentlerinden biri olan Kuz Ordu\u2019nun
\nK\u0131tanlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmu\u015f. Herkes\u00e7e bilinen bu olay 11. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 30\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131nda vuku bulmu\u015ftur. Bu tarihten sonra Kuz Ordu Kitanlar\u0131n Ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015ftur. 956 tarihinde \u00f6len Mes\u2019\u00fbd\u00ee\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Muruc el\u2013zeheb\u2019de Tokuz O\u011fuzlar (To\u011fuz\u011fuzlar) \u00e7ok geni\u015f sahalara yay\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir kavim olarak tan\u0131t\u0131l\u0131r. Mes\u2019\u00fbd\u00ee \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cTokuz O\u011fuz \u00fclkesi Horasan ile \u00c7in aras\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcne, 332 (\/943) y\u0131l\u0131na kadar T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131ndan, onlardan daha kuvvetli, kudretli, memleketi iyi idare edenler \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131na Uygur Han\u0131 (Uyghurkhan) unvan\u0131 verilir, dinleri ise Mani dinidir.<\/p>\n
\nkavimdir\u2026\u00c7in \u00fclkesi Tibetin do\u011fu taraf\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bat\u0131 taraf\u0131nda Ki\u015fmir, kuzeyinde Uygur illeri, g\u00fcneyinde Hind denizi bulunur\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 355). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 do\u011fuda K\u00fcsen\u2019e kadar ve g\u00fcney do\u011fuda ise Hoten\u2019den ge\u00e7erek \u00c7er\u00e7en civarlar\u0131na kadar uzanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Buras\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da \u00c7ur\u00e7an ad\u0131yle ge\u00e7mektedir ve \u00c7in yolu \u00fczerinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan biri\u201d \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r (\u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i 1981:567). B\u00f6ylece, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Tibetlerin kuzeydeki kom\u015fular\u0131 hem Karahanl\u0131lar hem de Ko\u00e7u Uygur devleti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ama Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 burada \u201cKuzeyinde Uygur illeri\u2019\u2019nin bulundu\u011funu kaydetmekle Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n da Uygur devletlerinden birisi oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\nderler ki \u2018\u00c7inli ve Uygur\u2019 demektir. Bu sav, Farslar hakk\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi \u00c7inliler ve Uygurlar hakk\u0131nda da s\u00f6ylenir. Bu sav\u0131n yorumlanmas\u0131 b\u00f6yledir; onlar vefas\u0131zd\u0131r. Dikenin hakk\u0131 k\u00f6k\u00fcnden kaz\u0131lmak oldu\u011fu gibi, Uygurlar\u0131n hakk\u0131 da g\u00f6z\u00fcne vurulmakt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir savda \u2018Tats\u0131z T\u00fcrk bolmas, ba\u015fs\u0131z b\u00f6rk bolmas\u201d denir ki, \u2018Tats\u0131z T\u00fcrk, ba\u015fs\u0131z b\u00f6rk olmaz\u2019 demektir\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 280-281). Orhun Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda \u201cyabanc\u0131\u201d anlam\u0131nda gelen Tat kelimesini Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda hem Farslar\u0131, hem de Uygurlar\u0131 kastedetmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, bu kavram\u0131n Karahanl\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde \u00f6nceleri T\u00fcrklerden olmayanlar\u0131, daha sonralar\u0131 \u0130slamla\u015fma s\u00fcreci ile birlikte M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan T\u00fcrkleri de kapsayan bir kavram olarak g\u00e2vur anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. \u201c\u00c7apd\u0131\u201d maddesinde verilen \u201c\u00c7omak tat boyn\u0131n \u00e7apd\u0131 = M\u00fcsl\u00fcman g\u00e2vurun boynunu vurdu. Uygurca\u2019\u2019 (Atalay 1986: 3) \u015feklindeki bir deyi\u015fte, Tat kelimesine g\u00e2vur anlam\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcklendi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k g\u00f6sterilmi\u015fti. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Tat kelimesine ilgili olarak verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrklerden olmayan ve T\u00fcrklerden olsa da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan her hangi bir etnik gurup vefas\u0131zd\u0131r. Burada
\nKa\u015fgarl\u0131 hem milliyet\u00e7i hem de \u00fcmmet\u00e7i bir bak\u0131\u015fa sahiptir. Fakat bir nokta var ki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7a\u011flarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan T\u00fcrkler sadece Uygurlar de\u011fildir, Yabakular da d\u00e2hil bir\u00e7ok kabileler daha \u0130slamiyeti kabul etmemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle oldu\u011fu halde, neden Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da bir de g\u00e2vur anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan bu Tat s\u00f6z\u00fc yaln\u0131z Uygurlara at\u0131f ediliyor. Neden m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan di\u011fer T\u00fcrk kabilelerini kapsam\u0131yor? Bu husus \u00e7ok \u00f6nceleri \u00fcnl\u00fc \u015fark\u0131yat\u00e7\u0131 V. V. Barthold\u2019un da dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015fti. Bu, Tat kelimesinde kastedilen bir ba\u015fka kavram\u0131n da bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Dede Korkut\u2019ta Tat kelimesinin \u015fehirle\u015fen ve yerle\u015fik d\u00fczene ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ba\u015fka bir\u00e7ok
\ns\u00f6zl\u00fcklerde de ayn\u0131 anlamda (\u015fehirli, \u00e7ift\u00e7i, ekinci, k\u00f6yl\u00fc) ge\u00e7er.72 Barthold\u2019a g\u00f6re, Tat kelimesi, oturak ve medeni hayat ya\u015fayanlar anlam\u0131nda bug\u00fcne kadar gelmi\u015ftir ve 11. y\u00fczy\u0131lda da ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r.73 Elbette, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 kelimenin ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131ndan habersiz olmayacakt\u0131r. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6re, Uygurlar, T\u00fcrkler i\u00e7inde ilk olarak
\nyerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7en ve \u015fehir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00e7ok geli\u015fen medeni bir kavimdir. Yukar\u0131da bahsedildi\u011fi gibi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yaln\u0131z Uygurlara Tat der. Bunun ba\u00e7l\u0131ca sebebi, muhtemel T\u00fcrk tarihinde Uygurlar\u0131n erken yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7meleri ve ziraatla ve ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fmalar\u0131d\u0131r. Ama \u00e7ok dikkatimizi \u00e7eken husus, yerle\u015fik hayata
\nge\u00e7en anlam\u0131nda gelen bir s\u00f6z\u00fcn Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da, Uygurlar kast edilirken neden g\u00e2vur anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bize g\u00f6re, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, g\u00e2vur anlam\u0131na gelen bu s\u00f6z\u00fc sadece Uygurlara atfetmekle Uygurlar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan bir kesiminin de bulundu\u011funa i\u015faret etmi\u015f ve bu terimi ona mukabil olarak kullanm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Yine Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019da derc olunan bir par\u00e7adan da b\u00f6yle bir sonuca varabiliriz. Bu par\u00e7adaki yaz\u0131:<\/p>\n
\nUygurdak\u0131 tatlaka
\nO\u011fr\u0131 yawuz \u0131tlaka
\nKu\u015flar kibi u\u00e7t\u0131m\u0131z<\/p>\n
\ndemek istiyor\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 484) \u015feklinde veriyor. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Uygur s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc hem vilayet hem de bir T\u00fcrk kavminin ad\u0131 olarak tan\u0131tmakla birlikte Tat s\u00f6z\u00fcyle Uygurlar\u0131n kastedildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k olarak g\u00f6steriyor. Bu durumda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n verdi\u011fi par\u00e7adaki ayn\u0131 ifadeyi \u201cUygur devletindeki Tatlara\u201d \u015feklinde terc\u00fcme edersek yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6yle terc\u00fcme edilirse o zaman Uygur devletinde Tat ad\u0131 verilen ve Uygurlardan ayr\u0131 olan bir toplulu\u011fun bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tuttu\u011fu kavrama ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fen bir mana ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. B\u00f6ylece, bu ifadeden \u201cUygurlar\u0131n Budist toplulu\u011fu\u201d denilebilecek bir kavram\u0131n ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek onu \u201cUygurlar\u0131n Tatlar\u0131na\u2019\u2019
\n(Uygurlar\u0131n Tat kitlesine) \u015feklinde terc\u00fcme edersek o zaman \u00e7ok tutarl\u0131 olur ve Tat s\u00f6z\u00fcyle neden m\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan di\u011fer T\u00fcrkler kastedilmeden sadece Uygurlar\u0131n g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutuldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz gibi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut Uygur yaz\u0131s\u0131yla ilgili olan verilerinde \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmayan Uygurlar\u201d ifadesini kullanmakla buna mukabil olarak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan Uygurlar\u0131n var oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Burada, bu konuyu hat\u0131rlatmak Tat s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn mahiyetini kavramak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00e7ok faydal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nanlam\u0131nda gelen bir terim oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. O \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cBilindi\u011fi gibi, G\u00fcney Rusya\u2019da mal ve e\u015fyalar\u0131n\u0131 arabaya koyarak k\u00f6ylerde ticaret yapan ufak t\u00fcccarlara \u00c7umak deniliyordu. Bu kelimenin asl\u0131 bug\u00fcne kadar belli olmay\u0131p yaln\u0131z ahengine bakarak T\u00fcrk\u00e7e oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmediyorlard\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar di\u011fer \u00fclkelerde oldu\u011fu gibi Uygurlar\u0131n \u00fclkesinde de ticaret i\u015flerinin ba\u015fl\u0131ca temsilcileri olmu\u015flard\u0131.\u2019\u201977<\/p>\n
\ndilidir\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 30). Sonucu kayd\u0131nda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, Uygur \u015fehirlerindeki dil ile Hakaniye (Karahanl\u0131) \u00fclkesi halk\u0131n\u0131n dilinin do\u011fru (standart) T\u00fcrk\u00e7e oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bilindi\u011fi gibi DLT\u2019de \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u201d tabiri iki anlamda gelmektedir. Biri, geni\u015f anlamda kullan\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir. Bu t\u00fcm T\u00fcrklerin konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 dillerdir, di\u011feri ise, dar anlamda kullan\u0131lan T\u00fcrk\u00e7edir, bu Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131n\u0131n esas dilidir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6re, Uygurca T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir
\nkolu veya bir \u015fivesidir. Ama Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 dil maddesinde ilgi \u00e7ekecek bir hususu belirtmek istemi\u015f ve \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cT\u0131l: lugat. Uygur t\u0131l\u0131 = Uygur dili, X\u0131tay t\u0131l\u0131 = \u00c7in dili \u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 133). Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u015fivelerinin ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerine dururken yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz gibi, Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131n\u0131n esas diline \u201cHakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi\u201d veya \u201cT\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verir ve bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak O\u011fuz, K\u0131p\u00e7ak dilini g\u00f6stermektedir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, O\u011fuz, K\u0131p\u00e7ak ve Suvar dili ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Argu, \u00c7igil, Ya\u011fma, Toxs\u0131, Yabaku, Tatar, Kay, \u00c7omul, Hotanl\u0131lar, Kenceklerin dillerindeki \u015five ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yine Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine g\u00f6re nitelendirmektedir. Ama bu nitelendirmede Uygurcadan bahsedilmez. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bu kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan \u015f\u00f6yle iki soru do\u011fmaktad\u0131r. Biri, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u201cdil\u201d maddesinde \u00f6rnek i\u00e7in neden T\u00fcrk dili tabirini kullanmadan onun yerine T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin bir kolu olan Uygurcay\u0131 \u00c7in dili ile e\u015fit anlamda kullan\u0131yor? \u0130kincisi, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 T\u00fcrk \u015fivelerinin ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterirken neden Uygurcaya ait \u00f6zellikleri vermiyor? Bu durum Uygurlar\u0131n Budist olduklar\u0131ndan m\u0131 ileri geliyor? Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 kitab\u0131n ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131nda T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin yerle\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgeleri bat\u0131dan
\ndo\u011fuya do\u011fru uzanan bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6sterirken Uygurlardan bahseder. Bu hususta Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201cBizans \u2013 Rum \u00fclkesine en yak\u0131n olan boy Be\u00e7enekdir; sonra Kif\u00e7ak, O\u011fuz=U\u011fuz, Yemek, Ba\u015fgr\u0131t, Basm\u0131l, Kay, Yabaku, Tatar, K\u0131rk\u0131z = K\u0131rg\u0131z gelir. Bu boylar\u0131n hepsi Rum \u00fclkesi yan\u0131ndan do\u011fuya do\u011fru \u015f\u00f6ylece uzan\u0131r, gider. \u00c7igil = \u00c7iyil, Toxsi, Ya\u011fma, U\u011frak, \u00c7aruk=\u00c7ar\u0131k, \u00c7omul, Uygur, Tan\u011fut, Xitay=Kitay. Kitay \u00fclkesi \u00c7indir. Bundan sonra Tawga\u00e7 gelir; oras\u0131 Ma\u00e7indir. Bu boylar g\u00fcney ile kuzey aras\u0131nda bulunurlar. Bunlar\u0131n her birini \u015fu de\u011ferde birer birer g\u00f6sterdim\u201d (Atalay 1985: 28). Eserinde \u201cMen: ben. T\u00fcrklerce\u201d (Atalay 1985: 340) diye g\u00f6steren ve yerle\u015fti\u011fi b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6re t\u00fcm T\u00fcrkleri iki kola ayr\u0131yan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, maalesef burada Hakaniye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131nda ya\u015famakta olan T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 bir kavimden s\u00f6z etmiyor. Art\u0131k, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka kayd\u0131na g\u00f6z atal\u0131m. Bu kay\u0131t \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cBen onlar\u0131n en uz dillisi, en a\u00e7\u0131k anlatan\u0131, ak\u0131lca en incesi, soyca en k\u00f6kl\u00fcs\u00fc, en iyi karg\u0131 kullanan\u0131 oldu\u011fum halde onlar\u0131n \u015farlar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6llerini ba\u015ftanba\u015fa dola\u015ft\u0131m. T\u00fcrk, T\u00fcrkmen, O\u011fuz, \u00c7igil, Ya\u011fma, K\u0131rg\u0131z boylar\u0131n\u0131n dillerini, kafiyelerini belleyerek faydaland\u0131m; \u00f6yle ki, bende onlardan her boyun dili, en iyi yolda yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Ben onlar\u0131 en iyi surette s\u0131ralam\u0131\u015f,
\nen iyi bir d\u00fczenle d\u00fczenlemi\u015fimdir\u201d (Atalay 1985: 4). Eserde Uygurlar\u0131n diline ait olarak verilen \u201cBal\u0131k\u201d (\u015eehir), \u201cYartmak\u201d (para), Yalafar (hakan\u0131n g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi el\u00e7iye verilen adt\u0131r), K\u0131rga\u011f (beyin ve han\u0131n eli alt\u0131nda olanlara k\u0131zmas\u0131, kak\u0131mas\u0131), \u00e7apd\u0131 (y\u00fczd\u00fc, vurdu) ve \u201ckesdi\u201d gibi bir tak\u0131m s\u00f6zl\u00fckler ve sonucusunu a\u00e7\u0131klamak i\u00e7in g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi s\u00f6zl\u00fc edebiyata ait bir sav Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygur ilini de ba\u015ftan ba\u015fa dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren belirtilerdendir. Bahsedilen sav \u015fudur: \u201cUygur y\u0131ga\u00e7 uzun kes, tem\u00fcr k\u0131sga kes= ey Uygur; a\u011fac\u0131 uzun, demiri k\u0131sa kes\u201d (a\u011fa\u00e7 kesti\u011fin zaman uzun kes, demir kesti\u011fin zaman k\u0131sa kes; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc demir uzartabilir), Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bu sav\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayarak \u201cUygurlar\u0131n bir dellal\u0131 vard\u0131r, her g\u00fcn \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131r ve h\u00fckm\u00fc onlara bildirir\u201d demektedir (Atalay 1986: 11-12). Bundan anla\u015f\u0131yor
\nki, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 bu sav\u0131 kendi kula\u011f\u0131yla dinledikten sonra yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, Rum \u00fclkesine en yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgeden do\u011fuda Ma\u00e7in\u2019e kadar olan b\u00f6lgelerde yerle\u015fen T\u00fcrk kavimlerini s\u0131ralarken T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 kavimden bahsetmeyen Ka\u015fgarl\u0131, T\u00fcrk dili i\u00e7in malzeme toplamak i\u00e7in gezdi\u011fi illeri s\u0131ralarken Uygurlardan bahsetmiyor, onun yerini T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 bir kavim al\u0131yor. \u201cTengri\u201d maddesinde Uygurlar i\u00e7in \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulunmayan T\u00fcrkler\u201d tabirinin kullanmas\u0131 da T\u00fcrk s\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn dar anlamda Uygurlar\u0131 ifade etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu verilerden \u015fu sonuca varabiliriz ki, as\u0131l Karahanl\u0131lar s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan ve \u00f6zel olarak T\u00fcrk ad\u0131 verilen bir kavim bulunmuyor. Bu ise, sadece Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n din ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Karahanl\u0131lar\u0131n tebas\u0131 olan Uygurlara verdi\u011fi bir ad olmal\u0131d\u0131r, yani Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygurlar\u0131 \u201cUygur\u201d ad\u0131yla tan\u0131tmaktan \u00e7ekiniyor ve onlara \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 veriyor. Uygurlar\u0131n bu kesimi i\u00e7in Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 tercih etmesi, Karabalsagun Kitabesi\u2019nin So\u011fdca yaz\u0131lan y\u00fcz\u00fcnde Uygur ka\u011fan\u0131n\u0131n kendisini \u201cUlu T\u00fcrklerin D\u00fcnya H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131\u2019\u201978 ifadesi ile tan\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Uygurlar\u0131n kendilerine hem Uygur hem de T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiklerinden ileri
\ngeliyor. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygurlar\u0131n kendilerine T\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 vermesi onlar\u0131n \u0130dikut Uygurlar\u0131nkinden farkl\u0131 bir ad kullanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermez. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ayn\u0131 devirde \u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f anlamda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan t\u00fcm kavimleri g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini, dar anlamda ise Uygurlar kastedilerek, Uygur ad\u0131 ile e\u015fit anlamda kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu kan\u0131tlayan bir\u00e7ok deliller vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut, DLT\u2019nin \u2018Uygur\u2019
\nmaddesinde Uygur ad\u0131n\u0131n men\u015feine ait bir rivayeti aktar\u0131rken \u2018Z\u00fclkarneyn Uygur illerine geldi\u011finde T\u00fcrk Hakan\u0131 ona d\u00f6rt bin ki\u015fi g\u00f6ndermi\u015f\u2019 diyerek, \u2018Uygur hakan\u0131\u2019 yerine \u2018T\u00fcrk hakan\u0131\u2019 ibaresini kullan\u0131yor. \u0130dikut Uygur devletinde Altun Yaruk ve Hs\u00fcan- Tsang Biyografisi adl\u0131 iki b\u00fcy\u00fck eseri Uygurcaya terc\u00fcme eden Be\u015fbal\u0131kl\u0131 Uygur bilgini \u015e\u0131ngku Seli Tutung kendi diline \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcnde \u2018T\u00fcrk -Uygur Dili\u2019, sonucusunda ise \u2018T\u00fcrk Dili\u2019 ad\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir.\u2019\u201979 Demek ki, DLT\u2019de dar anlamda ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi terimleri Karahanl\u0131lar sahas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Uygurlar\u0131 ve dillerini g\u00f6steriyor. Hem Karahanl\u0131 Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131 hem de Budist Uygurlar\u0131n\u0131n sahas\u0131n\u0131 bizzat ara\u015ft\u0131ran Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 ayn\u0131 s\u0131ralamada memleketten ziyade kavmi bir mahiyetni g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurdu\u011fu i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d ve Uygur\u2019\u2019dan ibaret iki ad alt\u0131nda g\u00f6stermeyi l\u00fczumsuz g\u00f6r\u00fcyor, sadece
\nT\u00fcrk ad\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmekle iki sahada ya\u015fayan Uygurlar\u0131 ifade etmi\u015f oluyor. Bunu Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan da \u00f6\u011freniyoruz. Ona g\u00f6re T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye en yak\u0131n bulunanlar \u00c7igil, Toxs\u0131, Ya\u011fma, Ar\u011fu ve Uygurlar\u0131n \u015fiveleridir. Sonuncu \u015five haddi zat\u0131nda Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6re \u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7e olmu\u015ftur.80 Orhun yaz\u0131tlar\u0131nda birle\u015fik bir ses olarak \u201cny\u201d kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eden ses, daha sonralar\u0131 Uygurcada iki kola ayr\u0131larak \u201cn\u201d ve \u201cy\u201d \u015fivelerini v\u00fccuda getirmi\u015ftir. Budist Uygurlar \u201cy\u201d tel\u00e2ffuzunu benimsedi\u011fi halde Maniheist Uygurlar aksine \u201cn\u201d yi tercih etmi\u015flerdi. Bununla beraber Maniheistler \u201cy\u201d de kullanmam\u0131\u015f de\u011fildir. Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 devrinin edebi yadig\u00e2rlar\u0131ndan Kutadgu Bilig\u2019de de \u201cy\u201d tel\u00e2ffuzuna ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu suretle \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n h\u00e2kim T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi \u201cy\u201dli \u015fivenin esas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir.81 Ger\u00e7ekten de medeniyet \u00e7evreleri (din) farl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan do\u011fan kelime hazinesindeki baz\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Uygurca ile Karahanl\u0131ca (Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi) gramer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayn\u0131d\u0131r; tek ve ortak bir yaz\u0131 dilidir.82 Bu durumu A. Cafero\u011flu \u015f\u00f6yle anlatmaktad\u0131r: \u201cDil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, eserinde Karluklar\u0131 ihmal edip, onlara nispetle Uygurlara ehemmiyetlice bir yer veri\u015fi, Karahanl\u0131 devletinin resmi \u015fivesi olan Hakaniy = Ka\u015fgar T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin, Uygur \u015fivesine yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Zaten Ka\u015fgarl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Uygur \u015fivesi hakk\u0131ndaki tarifi ile Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi hakk\u0131ndaki tarifi aras\u0131nda g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpacak derecede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k vard\u0131r. Mesela, divan\u2019da Uygur \u015fivesi \u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7e olarak tarif edildi\u011fi gibi, Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi de hem \u00f6zt\u00fcrk\u00e7e hem de T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin zarifi olarak izah edilmi\u015ftir. Bu takdirde her iki T\u00fcrk \u015fivesi, Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r. Co\u011frafi saha itibariyle bu \u015five, bilhassa, Balasa\u011fun\u2019la Ka\u015fgar gibi T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinin resmi dili olmu\u015ftur. Elimizde bu \u015fiveyi gramer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan karakterize edecek Kutadgu Bilig, Atabet\u00fcl-Hakay\u0131k gibi m\u00fchim eserler vard\u0131r ki, bunlar\u0131n \u015fivesi ufak
\ntefek mahall\u00ee hususiyetler istisna edilirse, tamam\u0131yla \u0130slam olmayan Uygurlar\u0131n \u015fivesiyle ayn\u0131 olup as\u0131l \u00c7a\u011fatay \u015fivesinin teess\u00fcs\u00fcne kadar, Orta Asya T\u00fcrk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterek edebi T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi olmu\u015ftur.83 Buna ilave olarak \u015funu belirtmek istiyoruz ki, Hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin fonem sistemi di\u011fer T\u00fcrk \u015fivelerine nispetle \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygurcaya en yak\u0131nd\u0131r, leksiloji meselesine gelince, s\u00f6z konusu dil ile \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygurcan\u0131n temel s\u00f6z varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da tamamiyle ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Gramer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ayn\u0131 dil \u00c7a\u011fda\u015f Uygurcaya en yak\u0131nd\u0131r, Bilhassa yap\u0131m ve \u00e7ekim ekleri, fiil dereceleri ve c\u00fcmle yap\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iki dil aras\u0131nda fazla bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k yoktur.84 B\u00fct\u00fcn bu verilere g\u00f6re, Hakaniye dilinin Uygurcan\u0131n \u0130slam muhitindeki bir varyant\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve bunlar\u0131n bir dil olarak DLT\u2019nin temelini te\u015fkil etti\u011fini
\n\u00e7\u0131karabiliriz ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncemizi Agah S\u0131rr\u0131 Levend\u2019in a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bir ifadesi ile \u00f6zetleyebiliriz: \u201cOrta Asya edebi leh\u00e7esinin esas\u0131 Uygurcad\u0131r. Uygurca \u0130slaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n kabul\u00fcnden sonra, Karahanl\u0131lar devrinde yaz\u0131 dili olarak hakaniye T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f ve Ka\u015fgar merkez olmak \u00fczere Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131 \u015fehirlerinde ilk \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini vermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131\u2019\u201985.<\/p>\n
\nk\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda kurulan Katun Bal\u0131k \u015fehri ile bir oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok bilgin hemfikirdir.88 Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Orhun\u2019daki Uygur devleti devrinde \u00fc\u00e7 Katun Bal\u0131k \u015fehri (\u53ef\u6566\u57ce) vard\u0131. Biri, To\u011fla Nehri\u2019nin bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, di\u011fer biri, Bay\u0131rkular\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sahalara yak\u0131n yerden ge\u00e7en Kerulin Nehri\u2019nin kuzey k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise yukar\u0131da bahsedilen Katun Bal\u0131kt\u0131r.89 Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda, Uygurlar\u0131n tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutan ve en maruf olan\u0131 Karasu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Katun Bal\u0131k\u2019t\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nTun Ba\u011fa Tarhan, ertesi sene \u00c7in prensesi \u015eian-an ile evleniyor ve katun i\u00e7in Karasu Nehri (Etszin G\u00f6l veya E\u00e7ina)\u2019nin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 mecras\u0131nda Katun Bal\u0131k \u015fehrini kuruyor. S\u00f6z konusu \u015fehir de Ordu Bal\u0131k ve Bay Bal\u0131k gibi Uygurlar\u0131n iktisat ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezlerinden biri olmu\u015ftur. Bazen Uygur h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131n\u0131 burada ge\u00e7iriyordu bazen \u00c7in saraylar\u0131na ziyarete gelirken burada istirahat ederek ge\u00e7iyorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Uygur devleti Orta Asya\u2019ya
\ny\u00f6nelik sefer d\u00fczenlerken veya bat\u0131 memleketleri ile di\u011fer temeslara ge\u00e7erken Katun Bal\u0131k, \u00f6nemli bir askeri nokta ve d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerle olan \u00e7e\u015fitli ili\u015fkileri y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konucak bir ge\u00e7it rolun\u00fc oynuyordu.90 Ayn\u0131 \u015fehrin ne zaman ve neden tahrip oldu\u011fu bilinmemektedir. Ordu Bal\u0131k gibi bu \u015fehrin de 840 tarihinde K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 taarruzda tahrip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Katun Bal\u0131k\u2019\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Karasu veya Etszin G\u00f6l Nehri\u2019nin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 mecras\u0131 870\u2019te kurulan Kansu Uygur devletinin kuzeydeki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil ediyorlard\u0131.91 Ayn\u0131 s\u0131ralarda Uygurlar\u0131n d\u00f6rt kabilesi burada yerle\u015fiyor ve \u00c7in ile ili\u015fkiye ge\u00e7iyor. Bu Uygurlardan \u00c7in saray\u0131na gidenlerin verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re, onlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 do\u011fuda Sar\u0131 Nehir\u2019den bat\u0131da Karl\u0131 da\u011flara kadar uzanm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00fczlerce eyalete ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, askerler iyi binici ve ni\u015fanc\u0131d\u0131r ve en \u00e7ok bu\u011fday ekilmi\u015f.92 Bu verilerde Kansu Uygur devletinin kastedildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. 981\u2019de Ko\u00e7u\u2019ya giden \u00c7in el\u00e7isi Wan-Yen-Ti, Karasu nehrini ge\u00e7tikten sonra Katun Bal\u0131k \u015fehrinin hala duran duvar temellerini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve eserinde burada Tang imparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde Uygur prenseslerinin durdu\u011funu yazm\u0131\u015f.93<\/p>\n
\noldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fcz bu edebi par\u00e7alar\u0131n veya malzemelerin DLT\u2019deki say\u0131s\u0131 kesinlikle tespit edilemiyor. DLT\u2019de Fuad K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019ye g\u00f6re 19 d\u00f6rtl\u00fck bulunmaktad\u0131r. Brockelmamn ise benzer uyakl\u0131 fakat de\u011fi\u015fik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir d\u00f6rtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc de katarak bu manzumeye ait par\u00e7alar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 20\u2019ye \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Talat Tekin eserde bu manzumeye ait 11 d\u00f6rtl\u00fck tespit etmi\u015ftir.96 Brockelmamn\u2019\u0131n Fuad K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn tespitlerine katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6rtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn hangi par\u00e7a oldu\u011funu (Atalay \u21601985: 210) Talat Tekin\u2019in sayesinde \u00f6\u011frenebildi\u011fimiz halde as\u0131l Fuad K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn tespit etti\u011fi 19 d\u00f6rtl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn hangi par\u00e7alardan te\u015fkil edildi\u011fini bilmiyoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn bununla ilgili yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebilme \u015fans\u0131na kavu\u015famad\u0131k. Bu y\u00fczden burada biz sadece Talat Tekin taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilerek mef\u00e2\u00eel\u00fcn mef\u00e2\u00eel\u00fcn (. – – -\/.- – -) \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bildirilen d\u00f6rtl\u00fckleri vermekle yetinece\u011fiz. Bu d\u00f6rtl\u00fckler \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\nYarag bilip o\u011furlad\u0131
\nUlu\u011f Tengri ag\u0131rlad\u0131
\nAn\u0131n kut k\u0131w t\u00fcri togd\u0131
\n\u201cBeyim kendini gizledi, bunu silah bilerek vaktini g\u00f6zledi. Tanr\u0131 kerem k\u0131ld\u0131, onun i\u00e7i kutu, devleti y\u00fckseldi\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 300-301).
\nYag\u0131 begdin udhuklad\u0131
\nK\u00f6r\u00fcp s\u00fcni adh\u0131klad\u0131
\n\u00d6l\u00fcm an\u0131 konuklad\u0131
\nAg\u0131z i\u00e7re agu sa\u011fd\u0131
\n\u201cD\u00fc\u015fman, beyden uyuklad\u0131; askeri g\u00f6r\u00fcp \u015fa\u015f\u0131rd\u0131; \u00f6l\u00fcm onu konuklad\u0131, a\u011fz\u0131 i\u00e7ine a\u011f\u0131
\nsa\u011fd\u0131\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 339).
\nKatun sini \u00e7o\u011f\u0131lad\u0131
\nTen\u011f\u00fct begin yag\u0131lad\u0131
\nKan\u0131 ak\u0131p jag\u0131lad\u0131
\nBoyun suw\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131l sagd\u0131.
\n\u201cKatun sini ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Ten\u011f\u00fct (Tan\u011fut) beyi ile d\u00fc\u015fmanla\u015ft\u0131. Kan\u0131 ak\u0131p \u00e7o\u011flad\u0131. Boynunun suyunu k\u0131z\u0131l sa\u011fd\u0131\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 325).<\/p>\n
\nBa\u015f\u0131n yandru yan\u011f\u0131lad\u0131
\nEren bayup m\u00fc\u011filedi
\nAn\u0131n\u011f alp\u0131n kara bogdu
\n\u201cOna yeti\u015fip s\u00fcng\u00fcledi, yine yaras\u0131n\u0131 yeniledi. Adamlar zenginle\u015fip nimet buldular, onun
\nyi\u011fitlerini k\u0131rarak bo\u011fdu\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 406).
\nEren alp\u0131 ok\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar
\nK\u0131n\u011f\u0131r k\u00f6zin bak\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar
\nKamu\u011f tolm\u0131n tok\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar
\nK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131nka k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0131gd\u0131
\n\u201cYi\u011fitler \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, k\u0131zg\u0131n g\u00f6zle bak\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, b\u00fct\u00fcn sil\u00e2hlarla \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131\u011fd\u0131\u201d
\n(Atalay 1985: 359).
\nTelim ba\u015flar yuw\u0131ld\u0131mat
\nYa\u011f\u0131 and\u0131n yawuld\u0131mat
\nK\u00fc\u00e7i an\u0131n\u011f keweldimet
\nK\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131nka k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn s\u0131gd\u0131
\n\u201cBir\u00e7ok ba\u015flar yuvarland\u0131, d\u00fc\u015fman ondan yava\u015flad\u0131, kuvveti gev\u015fedi, k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131na g\u00fc\u00e7le
\ns\u0131\u011fd\u0131\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 397).
\nTan\u011fut s\u00fcsin \u00fc\u015fikledi
\nKi\u015fi \u0131\u015f\u0131n elikledi
\nErin at\u0131n belikledi
\nBulun bol\u0131p ba\u015f\u0131 t\u0131gd\u0131
\n\u201cTangut askerini \u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f iken vurdu, o ki\u015filerin i\u015fiyle alay etti, askerlerini, atlar\u0131n\u0131
\narma\u011fan k\u0131ld\u0131, tutsak olup ba\u015f e\u011fdi\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 307).
\nTen\u011f\u00fct Xan\u0131 yub\u0131lad\u0131
\n\u00d6l\u00fcm birle t\u00fcp\u00fcledi
\nKadha\u015flar\u0131 tabalad\u0131
\n\u00d6l\u00fcm k\u00f6r\u00fcp y\u00fczi agd\u0131
\n\u201cTen\u011f\u00fct han\u0131 hile yapt\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm ile tepeledi h\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ay\u0131plad\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm g\u00f6r\u00fcp y\u00fcz\u00fc bozuldu\u201d
\n(Atalay 1986: 327).
\n\u00d6zin \u00f6gn\u00fcp ur\u0131lad\u0131
\nY\u0131rak yerig kar\u0131lad\u0131
\nAt\u0131\u011f kem\u015fip ur\u0131lad\u0131
\nUfut bolup t\u00fcp\u00fc agd\u0131
\n\u201cKendini \u00f6vmekte ileri gitti, uzak yerleri boylad\u0131, ar\u015f\u0131nlad\u0131, at\u0131n\u0131 sald\u0131rarak ba\u011f\u0131rd\u0131;
\nutanarak tepeyi a\u015ft\u0131\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1985: 309).
\nEren \u0131dh\u0131p s\u00f6ke turd\u0131<\/p>\n
\nUfut bolup b\u00fcke turd\u0131
\nUdhu kama tiban tigdi
\n\u201cAdamlar g\u00f6nderip diz \u00fcst\u00fc oturdu, ba\u015f\u0131na, boynuna s\u00f6gmekte devam ederdi. Utanarak b\u00fck\u00fcld\u00fc, beni kovalama diye ba\u015f e\u011fdi\u201d (Atalay 1986: 230-231).
\nEwin bark\u0131n sat\u0131gsad\u0131
\nYolu\u011f berip yar\u0131gsad\u0131
\nTirig erse turugsad\u0131
\nAn\u011far sak\u0131n\u00e7 k\u00fcni togd\u0131
\n\u201cEvini, bark\u0131n\u0131 satmak istedi. Fidye verip yarl\u0131ganmak istedi. Ya\u015fad\u0131k\u00e7a durmak istedi. Onun sak\u0131nacak g\u00fcn\u00fc do\u011fdu\u2019\u2019(Atalay 1986: 333).97<\/p>\n
\nAnla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki, Orhun\u2019daki Uygur devleti y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra bir ara tahrip olan Katun Bal\u0131k veya Katun s\u0131n\u0131, Kitanlar d\u00f6neminde yeniden bir defa onar\u0131lmas\u0131yla varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ve Mo\u011fol imparatorlu\u011fu d\u00f6neminde G\u00fcney Mo\u011folistan\u2019daki \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerden biri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\n\u56de\u9e58\u4e0a\uff09, \u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 2010\u5e74, \u65b0\u7586\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c205\u9875. Ou \u2013Yang-Xiu, Yengi Tang-name, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 2010, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s. 774.
\n3 \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Haluk Akal\u0131n, Bin Y\u0131l \u00d6nce Bin Y\u0131l Sonra Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ve Divanu Lugat it-T\u00fcrk, Ankara, 2008, T\u00fcrk
\nDil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 s. 85-86.<\/p>\n
\n5 A. Zeki Velidi Togan, Umumi T\u00fcrk Tarihine Giri\u015f,\u2160, 3.bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1981, Enderun Kitabevi, s.32.
\n6 Faruk Sumer, Eski T\u00fcrklerde \u015eehircilik, Ankara, 1994, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi, s. 38. Ramazan \u015ee\u015fen,
\n\u0130sl\u00e2m Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131na G\u00f6re T\u00fcrkler ve T\u00fcrk \u00dclkeleri, 2.bask\u0131, Ankara, 2001, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi, s.200.
\n7 \u4f5a\u540d\/ \u8457 \u738b\u6cbb\u6765\/ \u8bd1\u6ce8\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5883\u57df\u5fd7\u300b, 2010, \u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c069\u9875. Ablet Nordun, Haz, ud\u00fcd al-\u0101lam, 2003, Ke\u015fker Uy\u011fur Ne\u015friyati, s.117, 176.
\n8 \u0130srapil Y\u00fcs\u00fcp, Abdukeyyum Hoca, Dolkun Kembiri Haz, Kedimki Uygur Tilidiki Maitrisimit, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 1987, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s. 138. \u803f\u4e16\u6c11 \u8457\u300a\u65b0\u7586\u6587\u53f2\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b(\u201cCollection of the Papers on language -Literature
\nand History of X\u0131nj\u0131ang\u2019\u2019), \u5317\u4eac, 2001\u5e74, \u4e2d\u592e\u6c11\u65cf\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c202-203\u9875. Halide Mut \u00ee Haz, \u0130brahim Mut\u00ee
\n\u0130lmiy Makaliliri, 2007, Bei-jing, Milletler Ne\u015friyati, s.550.<\/p>\n
\n\u7b2c57\u9875.
\n10 Ablet Nordun, \u201cT\u00fcrkiy Tillar Divani\u2019diki Tarihka Dair Melumatlarning Tetkikat Kimmiti\u2019\u2019, Mehmud Ke\u015fkeri ve
\nT\u00fcrkiy Tillar Divani, Bei-jing, 2008, Milletler Ne\u015friyat\u0131, s. 255-256.
\n11 Hebibulla Hoca Lemcini, \u201cT\u00fcrkiya Tillar Divani\u2019da Bayan Kilin\u011fan Kedimki \u015eeher \u2013 Kentler To\u011frisida\u2019\u2019,
\nZhong- guo Uygur Tarihi ve Medeniyiti Tetkikati, \u2162, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 2000, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s. 300.
\n12 Faruk Sumer, age., s.39
\n13 \u5fb7 \u51af\u4f73\u73ed \u8457\u300a\u9ad8\u660c\u56de\u9e58\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u300b, 1989\u5e74, \u5410\u9c81\u756a\u5e02\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\u7f16\u8f91\u5ba4\u51fa\u7248, \u7b2c160\u9875.
\n14 \u5143 \u8131\u8131 \u64b0 \u300a\u8fbd\u53f2\u300b, \u5317\u4eac, 1974\u5e74, \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c, \u5377\u4e09\u5341\u516d \u5175\u536b\u5fd7\u4e0b, \u7b2c429~433\u9875, \u5377\u56db\u5341\u516d\u767e\u5b98\u5fd7\u4e8c,
\n\u7b2c758\u9875.
\n15 Saadetttin G\u00f6me\u00e7, \u201cDivan\u00fc Lugat-it \u2013T\u00fcrk\u2019te Ge\u00e7en Yer Adlar\u0131\u2019\u2019, 2. Uluslararas\u0131 T\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Bilgi
\n\u015e\u00f6leni Bildirileri: Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ve D\u00f6nemi, Ankara, 2009, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.289.<\/p>\n
\n17 Saadettin G\u00f6me\u00e7, Uygur T\u00fcrkleri Tarihi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, 2.bask\u0131, Ankara, 2000, Ak\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 25
\n18 \u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u5510\u5b8b\u5143\u660e\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b\uff08\u6b27\u9633\u4fee\u64b0\u300a\u65b0\u5510\u4e66\u300b\u5377\u4e8c\u767e\u4e00\u5341\u4e03\u4e0a,
\n\u56de\u9e58\u4e0a\uff09, \u7b2c198\u9875. Ou \u2013Yang-Xiu, age., s. 751.
\n19 \u0130brahim Kafeso\u011flu, \u201cT\u00fcrkler\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 12\/2.cilt, \u0130stanbul, 1988, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi s. 180.
\n\u0130brahim Kafeso\u011flu, T\u00fcrk Milli K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, 23. bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2003, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat, s.132.
\n20 Ramazan \u015ee\u015fen, age., s. 195. Bahaeddin \u00d6gel, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Tarihine Giri\u015f, VII, s.341, Ankara, 2000. T.C.K\u00fclt\u00fcr
\nBakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\n21 W. Minorskiy, \u201cTemin \u0130bn Bahr\u2019ning Uy\u011fur \u0130lige Sayahiti\u2019\u2019, Hua-Tao, 8~10. Esirlerdiki \u011eerbiy Yurt Tarihi
\nHekkide Tetkikat, 2003, Ka\u015fker Uy\u011fur Ne\u015friyati, s.568.
\n22 Re\u015fid Rahmeti Arat, \u201cT\u00fcrklerde Tarih Zapt\u0131\u2019\u2019, Makaleler, cilt \u2160, Ankara-1987, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rma
\nEnistit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 164. Yay\u0131na Haz\u0131rlayan: Osman Fikri Sertkaya.<\/p>\n
\n\u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 1985\u5e74, \u65b0\u7586\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c267\u9875. Faruk Sumer, age., s. 51, 102.ha\u015fiye.
\n24 Osman Turan, T\u00fcrk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefkuresi Tarihi, 15.bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2006, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat, s.86.
\n25 \u534e\u6d9b \u8457\u300a\u897f\u57df\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b(\u516b\u81f3\u5341\u4e16\u754c), 2003\u5e74, \u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c, 129\u9875.
\n26 Emel Esin, Orta Asya\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131lara T\u00fcrk Sanat\u0131nda \u0130konografik Motifler, Ankara, 2003, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.
\n259.
\n27 \u00d6meljan Pritsak, \u201cKarahanl\u0131lar\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 6.cilt, \u0130stanbul, 1968, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, s. 253.<\/p>\n
\n29 \u0130brahim Kafeso\u011flu, age., 2003, s.320, 321.
\n30 \u5f20\u5fd7\u5c27\u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u8349\u539f\u4e1d\u7ef8\u4e4b\u8def\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e9a\u6587\u660e\u300b, \u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 1994\u5e74, \u65b0\u7586\u7f8e\u672f\u6444\u5f71\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c2\u9875.
\n31 Faruk Sumer, \u201cAltay Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019\u2019, T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Tarih Dergisi, 1987, say\u0131 1, s. 31-32.
\n32 Yusufcan Yasin, \u201cKarahanl\u0131lara Kadar T\u00fcrklerde Madencilik\u2019\u2019, Orhun, 2007, say\u0131 118.<\/p>\n
\n34 \u82cf \u963f\u6797\u8bfa\u592b\u300a\u3008 \u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u3009 \u63d2\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5730\u540d\u5b66\u8bb0\u8f7d\u300b, \u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u8bd1\u4e1b\u300b, 1992\u5e74, \u7b2c\u56db\u671f, \u7b2c41-42 \u9875.
\n35 \u94b1\u4f2f\u6cc9\u300a\u65bc\u90fd\u65a4\u5c71\u300b,\u300a\u65b0\u7586\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b, 1985\u5e74, \u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f, \u7b2c21\u9875.
\n36 Bu kalenin ad\u0131n\u0131 Atalay \u201cB\u00fck\u00fcr\u201d \u015feklinde vermi\u015f. Bk. I, s. 361.
\n37 \u9a6c\u957f\u5bff \u8457\u300a\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\u548c\u7a81\u53a5\u6c57\u56fd\u300b, \u6842\u6797, 2006 \u5e74, \u5e7f\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c95\u9875.
\n38 \u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u5510\u5b8b\u5143\u660e\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b(\u8131\u8131 \u64b0\u300a\u5b8b\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u56db\u767e\u4e5d\u5341,
\n\u5929\u7afa\u4e8e\u9617\u9ad8\u660c\u56de\u9e58\u5927\u98df\u5c42\u6a80\u9b3c\u5179\u6c99\u6d32\u62c2\u83fb\u4f20), \u7b2c459\u9875. W. Eberhard, \u201c\u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re Orta ve Garb\u00ee Asya
\nHalklar\u0131n\u0131n Medeniyeti\u2019\u2019, T\u00fcrkiyat Mecmuas\u0131, 1942, say\u0131 7, s. 133.<\/p>\n
\n40 A.Zeki Velidi Togan, age., s.434
\n41 Bu maddede ge\u00e7en \u201cYulduz\u201d ve \u201cKu\u00e7a\u201d adlar\u0131n\u0131, Atalay \u201cYolduz\u201d ve \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7e\u201d \u015feklinde yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bk, III, s. 135.
\nEserin Uygurca n\u00fcshas\u0131nda ayn\u0131 maddede ge\u00e7en Kin\u011f\u00fct ise \u201cK\u00fcn\u011f\u00fct\u201d \u015feklinde verilmi\u015f. Bk. III, s.186. Biz
\nburada eserin iki dildeki yay\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 mukayese ederek Yulduz, Ku\u00e7a ve Kin\u011f\u00fct \u015feklini tercih ettik.
\n42 Li-Yan-Xu, \u015eimaliy Sulaliler Tarihi, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 2002, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s.424. \u011eerbiy Yurt Tarihiy
\nMat\u0131riyalliri, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 2004, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s.423, 688, 864. \u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065
\n\u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u9b4f\u664b\u5357\u5317\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b(\u9b4f\u6536\u64b0\u300a\u9b4f\u4e66\u300b\u5377\u4e00\u767e\u96f6\u4e8c \u897f\u57df\u5217\u4f20,
\n\u4ee4\u72d0\u5fb7\u68fb\u64b0\u300a\u5468\u4e66\u300b\u5377\u4e94\u5341 \u5f02\u57df\u5217\u4f20\u4e0b, \u9b4f\u5f81\u64b0\u300a\u968b\u4e66\u300b\u5377\u516b\u5341\u4e09 \u897f\u57df\u4f20, \u674e\u5ef6\u5bff\u64b0\u300a\u5317\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u4e5d\u5341\u4e03
\n\u897f\u57df\u4f20), \u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 2007\u5e74, \u65b0\u7586\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c306, 400, 469, 622\u9875.
\n43 \u623f\u7384\u9f84\u64b0\u300a\u664b\u4e66\u300b\u5377\u4e5d\u5341\u4e03 \u56db\u5937\u4f20, \u5317\u4eac, 1973\u5e74, \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c, \u7b2c2542.
\n44 Atalay Ku\u00e7a ad\u0131n\u0131 burada \u201cK\u00f6\u00e7e\u201d \u015feklinde g\u00f6stermi\u015f. bkz., s. 396.<\/p>\n
\n46 V. F. B\u00fcchner, \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 11.cilt, Istanbul, 1979, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, s. 705.
\n47 Faruk Sumer, age., s. 53.
\n48 Saadettin G\u00f6me\u00e7, agm., 2009, s. 266.
\n49 Atalay bu boyun ad\u0131n\u0131 bir yerde \u201cU\u011frak\u2019\u2019(s. 28, 313), bir ba\u015fka yerde \u201cO\u011frak\u2019\u2019(s. 119, 468) \u015feklinde g\u00f6stermi\u015f.<\/p>\n
\n51 Atalay ayn\u0131 s\u00f6z\u00fc \u201cYag\u0131\u015f\u201d \u015feklinde g\u00f6stermi\u015f. bkz., s.10.
\n52 Atalay bu ad\u0131 \u201cTen\u011frigen\u201d \u015feklinde veriyor ve dipnotta \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u201c Bu kelimenin \u2018ten\u011frigen\u2019 iml\u00e2s\u0131nda olmas\u0131 l\u00e2z\u0131m ise de bu ayr\u0131ma ve bu ayr\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne uymak i\u00e7in kelimenin \u2018ten\u011firken\u2019 olmas\u0131 l\u00e2z\u0131m geliyor sa dikkat.\u201d
\n53 Yusufcan Yasin, \u201cUy\u011fur Medeniyet Tarihida \u015eamanizm Mesilisi\u2019\u2019, Turpanxunaslik Tetkikati, 2007, \u2160, s.129-
\n130.
\n54 \u5b8b\u6fc2 \u64b0 \u300a\u5143\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u4e00\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e8c\u5217\u4f20\u4e5d, \u5317\u4eac, 1976\u5e74, \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c, \u7b2c2999\u9875. [\u4f0a\u6717] \u5fd7\u8d39\u5c3c\u8457\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u53f2\u300b(\u4e0a), \u5357\u4eac, 2005 \u5e74, \u6c5f\u82cf\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c48 \u9875.Ramazan \u015ee\u015fen, age., s. 91.<\/p>\n
\n56 V. V. Bartold, age., s. 74.<\/p>\n
\n58 Talat Tekin, age., s.24.
\n59 Mollahaci, Bu\u011frahanlar Tezkirisi (\u201cTezkiretul- Bu\u011frahan\u2019\u2019), 1988, Ke\u015fker Uygur Ne\u015friyati, s.70.
\n60 Atalay bu ad\u0131 \u201c\u2018Kumi talas = Uygurlar s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda bir yerin ad\u0131\u201d \u015feklinde a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131yor. bk, \u2162, s. 235.
\n61 V. V. Barthold, \u201c\u0130li\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 5.cilt, s. 971, \u0130stanbul, 1968, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi.<\/p>\n
\n63 A. Zeki Velidi Togan, \u201cHazarlar\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 4.cilt, \u0130stanbul, 1948, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, s. 397, 404.
\nA.Zeki Velidi Togan, age., 1981, s.446, h\u00e2\u015f\u0131ye, 78. Anil \u00c7e\u00e7en, T\u00fcrk Devletleri, 4. bask\u0131\/ Ankara, 2007, Fark Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 145, 153.
\n64 \u5fb7 \u51af\u4f73\u73ed \u8457\u300a\u9ad8\u660c\u56de\u9e58\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u300b, \u7b2c40\u9875. A.Melek \u00d6zyetgin, \u201cEski T\u00fcrklerde \u00d6deme Ara\u00e7lar\u0131: K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t Para \u00c7av\u2019\u0131n Kullan\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 \u00dczerine\u2019\u2019, Orta Zaman T\u00fcrk dili ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00dczerine \u0130ncelemeler, \u0130stanbul, 2005, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat, s. 152, 154, 159.
\n65 V. V. Barthold, age., 2007, s. 97.<\/p>\n
\n67 Osman Turan, age., s. 65.
\n68 Kurban Veli, Bizning Tarihiy Y\u0131ziklirimiz, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 1986, \u015eincang Ya\u015f-\u00d6sm\u00fcrler Ne\u015friyati, s. 8.<\/p>\n
\n70 \u8131\u8131 \u64b0\u300a\u91d1\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u4e00\u767e\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00 \u5217\u4f20 \u7b2c\u4e94\u5341\u4e5d, \u5317\u4eac, 1975 \u5e74, \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c, \u7b2c2637\u9875.<\/p>\n
\ns. 729-730.
\n73 V. V. Barthold, age., s. 2007, 75.<\/p>\n
\n75 Faruk Sumer, age., s. 36, 77.ha\u015fiye.
\n76 Re\u015fid Rahmeti Arat, Kutad\u011fu Bilig, Ankara, 1979, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 471. Yusuf Has Hacib, Kutad\u011fu Bilig, Ankara, 2003, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s. 340.
\n77 V. V. Barthold, age., s. 75.<\/p>\n
\n79 Hemit T\u00f6m\u00fcr, Mirsultan osmanof, Amine \u011eappar, \u201cKutad\u011fu Bilik\u2019te \u0130padilengen Edebiy Til To\u011frisida\u2019\u2019, \u015eincang \u0130ctimaiy Penler Tetkikati, 1995, s. 45. Hemit T\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130lmiy Makaliliri, Bei jing, 2006, Milletler Ne\u015friyati, s. 262-263,<\/p>\n
\n81 A.Cafero\u011flu, age., s. 36.
\n82 Ahmet B. Ercilasun, T\u00fcrk dili Tarihi(Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan Yirminci Y\u00fczy\u0131la), 4 .bask\u0131, Ankara, 2007, Ak\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.
\n242-243.
\n83 A.Cafero\u011flu, age.
\n84 Halide Mut\u00ee haz, age., s. 179-180.
\n85 Agah S\u0131rr\u0131 Levend, Ali \u015eir Nevai (Hayat\u0131, Sanat\u0131 ve Ki\u015fili\u011fi), Ankara, 1995, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi, s. 18.
\n86 A.Zeki Velidi Togan, age., 1981, s. 166<\/p>\n
\n88 B. \u00d6gel, \u201cTatarlar\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 11.cilt, 1979, \u0130stanbul, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, s. 54. A.Zeki Velidi
\nTogan, age., 265 ha\u015fiye. s. 454. Emel Esin, T\u00fcrklerde Maddi K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn Olu\u015fumu, \u0130stanbul, 2006, Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,
\ns. 66. \u00d6zkan \u0130zgi, \u00c7in El\u00e7isi Wang Yen-Te\u2019nin Uygur Seyahatnamsei, Ankara, 1989, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi,
\ns. 50. A.G.Malyavkin, \u2168-\u216b.esirlerdidiki Uygur Devletleri, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 1994, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati, s. 175.
\n89 \u8c2d\u5176\u9aa7 \u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b, \u7b2c\u4e94\u518c\uff08\u968b \u5510 \u4e94\u4ee3\u5341\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff09, \u7b2c75\u9875. \u626c\u5723\u654f \u8457 \u300a\u56de\u7ea5\u53f2\u300b, \u957f\u6625,
\n1991\u5e74, \u5409\u6797\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e, \u7b2c161\u9875. Yang \u2013Sheng-min, Kedimki Uygurlar, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i, 1998, \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati,
\ns. 244.
\n90 Enver Baytur, \u015eincang\u2019diki Milletlerning Tarihi, Bei – jing, 1991, Milletler Ne\u015friyati, s. 525-526.
\n91 Enver baytur, age., s. 575.
\n92 \u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u5510\u5b8b\u5143\u660e\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b(\u8131\u8131 \u64b0\u300a\u5b8b\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u56db\u767e\u4e5d\u5341,\u5929\u7afa\u4e8e\u9617\u9ad8\u660c\u56de\u9e58\u5927\u98df\u5c42\u6a80\u9b3c\u5179\u6c99\u6d32\u62c2\u83fb\u4f20), \u7b2c453\u9875. G\u00fcl\u00e7in \u00c7andarl\u0131o\u011flu, Sar\u0131 Uygurlar ve Kansu B\u00f6lgesi Kabileleri, \u0130stanbul, 2004, T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131, s. 29-30. A.G.Malyavkin, age., s.153.
\n93 \u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u5510\u5b8b\u5143\u660e\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b(\u8131\u8131 \u64b0\u300a\u5b8b\u53f2\u300b\u5377\u56db\u767e\u4e5d\u5341,\u5929\u7afa\u4e8e\u9617\u9ad8\u660c\u56de\u9e58\u5927\u98df\u5c42\u6a80\u9b3c\u5179\u6c99\u6d32\u62c2\u83fb\u4f20), \u7b2c450\u9875. A.G.Malyavkin, age., s.152.<\/p>\n
\n95 \u5143 \u8131\u8131 \u64b0 \u300a\u8fbd\u53f2\u300b, \u7b2c450\u9875
\n96 Talat Tekin, age., s. 16.<\/p>\n
\n98 A.Zeki Velidi Togan, age., 1981, s. 249-250.<\/p>\n
\nit-T\u00fcrk, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nARAT, Re\u015fid Rahmeti (1079), Kutad\u011fu Bilig, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nARAT, Re\u015fid Rahmeti (1987), \u201cT\u00fcrklerde Tarih Zapt\u0131\u2019\u2019, Makaleler, Ankara: T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc
\nAra\u015ft\u0131rma Enistit\u00fcs\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nATALAY, Besim (1985), Divan\u00fc Lugat-it \u2013T\u00fcrk Terc\u00fcmesi, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu
\nBas\u0131mevi.
\nATALAY, Besim (1986), Divan\u00fc Lugat-it \u2013T\u00fcrk Terc\u00fcmesi, \u2161, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu
\nBas\u0131mevi.<\/p>\n
\nBas\u0131mevi.
\nBARTHOLD, V. V (1968), \u201c\u0130li\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 5, \u0130stanbul: Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi.
\nBARTHOLD, V. V. (2006), Orta Asya T\u00fcrk Tarihi Hakk\u0131nda Dersler, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih
\nKurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nBAYAT, Fuzuli (2008), \u201cDivan\u00fc Lugat-it -T\u00fcrk\u2019te Tat Kavram\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi S\u00fcre\u00e7 \u0130\u00e7inde EtnoK\u00fclt\u00fcrel De\u011fi\u015fimleri\u2019\u2019, Uluslararas\u0131 Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut Sempozyumu Bildiri Metinleri,
\n17-19 Ekim 2008, Rize: Rize \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nBAYTUR, Enver (1991), \u015eincang\u2019diki Milletlerning Tarihi, Bei\u2013jing: Milletler Ne\u015friyati.
\nB\u00dcCHNER, V. F. (1979), \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 11, Istanbul: Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi.
\nCAFERO\u011eLU, A. (1984), T\u00fcrk Dili Tarihi, \u2161, \u0130stanbul: Enderun Kitabevi.
\n\u00c7ANDARLIO\u011eLU, G\u00fcl\u00e7in (2004), Sar\u0131 Uygurlar ve Kansu B\u00f6lgesi Kabileleri, \u0130stanbul: T\u00fcrk
\nD\u00fcnyas\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Vakf\u0131.
\n\u00c7E\u00c7EN, Anil (2007), T\u00fcrk Devletleri, Ankara: Fark Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nDivan\u00fc Lugat \u2013it \u2013T\u00fcrk (1984), \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\nDivan\u00fc Lugat \u2013it \u2013T\u00fcrk, \u2160 (1981), \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\nDivan\u00fc Lugat \u2013it \u2013T\u00fcrk, \u2161 (1984), \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\nEBERHARD, W. (1942), \u201c\u00c7in Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re Orta ve Garb\u00ee Asya Halklar\u0131n\u0131n
\nMedeniyeti\u2019\u2019, T\u00fcrkiyat Mecmuas\u0131, 7.
\nERC\u0130LASUN, Ahmet B. (2007), T\u00fcrk Dili Tarihi (Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7tan Yirminci Y\u00fczy\u0131la), Ankara:
\nAk\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nES\u0130N, Emel (2003), Orta Asya\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131lara T\u00fcrk Sanat\u0131nda \u0130konografik Motifler,
\nAnkara: Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nES\u0130N, Emel (2006), T\u00fcrklerde Maddi K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn Olu\u015fumu, \u0130stanbul: Kabalc\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\n\u011eerbiy Yurt Tarihiy Mat\u0131riyalliri (2004), \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\nG\u00d6ME\u00c7, Saadettin (2000), Uygur T\u00fcrkleri Tarihi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, Ankara: Ak\u00e7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nG\u00d6ME\u00c7, Saadetttin (2009), \u201cDivan\u00fc Lugat-it \u2013T\u00fcrk\u2019te Ge\u00e7en Yer Adlar\u0131\u2019\u2019, 2. Uluslararas\u0131
\nT\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Bilgi \u015e\u00f6leni Bildirileri: Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ve D\u00f6nemi, Ankara:
\nT\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nHemit T\u00f6m\u00fcr \u0130lmiy Makaliliri (2006), Beijing: Milletler Ne\u015friyati.
\n\u0130ZG\u0130, \u00d6zkan (1989), \u00c7in El\u00e7isi Wang Yen-Te\u2019nin Uygur Seyahatnamsei, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih
\nKurumu Bas\u0131mevi.
\nKAFESO\u011eLU, \u0130brahim (1988), \u201cT\u00fcrkler\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 12\/2, \u0130stanbul: Milli E\u011fitim
\nBas\u0131mevi.
\nKAFESO\u011eLU, \u0130brahim (2003), T\u00fcrk Milli K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc, \u0130stanbul: \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat.
\nKutad\u011fu Bilig (2003), Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nLEMC\u0130N\u0130, Hebibulla Hoca (2000), \u201cT\u00fcrkiya Tillar Divani\u2019da Bayan Kilin\u011fan Kedimki \u015eeher
\n\u2013 Kentler To\u011frisida\u2019\u2019, Zhong- guo Uygur Tarihi ve Medeniyiti Tetkikati, \u2162, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i:
\nHelk Ne\u015friyati.<\/p>\n
\nKurumu Bas\u0131mevi.
\nLin-Gan, Gao-Zi-hu (2000), Kedimki Uygurlar Tarihi, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\nLi-Yan-Xu (2002), \u015eimaliy Sulaliler Tarihi, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\nMALYAWK\u0130N, A.G. (1994), \u2168-\u216b. Esirlerdidiki Uygur Devletleri, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk
\nNe\u015friyati.
\nM\u0130NORSK\u0130Y, W. (2003), \u201cTemin \u0130bn Bahr\u2019ning Uy\u011fur \u0130lige Sayahiti\u2019\u2019, Hua-Tao, 8.~10.
\nEsirlerdiki \u011eerbiy Yurt Tarihi Hekkide Tetkikat, Ka\u015fker: Uy\u011fur Ne\u015friyati.
\nMOLLAHAC\u0130 (1988), Bu\u011frahanlar Tezkirisi (\u201cTezkiretul- Bu\u011frahan\u2019\u2019), Ke\u015fker: Uygur
\nNe\u015friyati.
\nMUT\u00ce, Halide (2007), \u0130brahim Mut\u00ee \u0130lmiy Makaliliri, Bei-jing: Milletler Ne\u015friyati.
\nNORDUN, Ablet (2003), ud\u00fcd al-\u0101lam, Ke\u015fker: Uy\u011fur Ne\u015friyati.
\nNORDUN, Ablet (2008), \u201cT\u00fcrkiy Tillar Divani\u2019diki Tarihka Dair Melumatlarning Tetkikat
\nKimmiti\u2019\u2019, Mehmud Ke\u015fkeri ve T\u00fcrkiy Tillar Divani, Bei-jing: Milletler Ne\u015friyat\u0131.
\n\u00d6GEL, B. (1979), \u201cTatarlar\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 11, \u0130stanbul: Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi.
\n\u00d6GEL, B. (2000), T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Tarihine Giri\u015f, Ankara: T.C. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nOu \u2013Yang-Xiu (2010), Yengi Tang-name, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\n\u00d6ZYETG\u0130N, A. Melek (2005), \u201cEski T\u00fcrklerde \u00d6deme Ara\u00e7lar\u0131: K\u00e2\u011f\u0131t Para \u00c7av\u2019\u0131n Kullan\u0131l\u0131m\u0131
\n\u00dczerine\u2019\u2019, Orta Zaman T\u00fcrk dili ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc \u00dczerine \u0130ncelemeler, \u0130stanbul: \u00d6t\u00fcken
\nNe\u015friyat.
\nPR\u0130TSAK, \u00d6meljan, \u201cKarahanl\u0131lar\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, 6, \u0130stanbul: Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi.
\n\u015eE\u015eEN, Ramazan (2001), \u0130sl\u00e2m Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131na G\u00f6re T\u00fcrkler ve T\u00fcrk \u00dclkeleri, Ankara:
\nT\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi.
\nS\u00dcMER, Faruk (1987), \u201cAltay Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019\u2019, T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Tarih Dergisi, 1.
\nS\u00dcMER, Faruk (1994), Eski T\u00fcrklerde \u015eehircilik, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Bas\u0131mevi.
\nTEK\u0130N, Talat (1989), Y\u00fczy\u0131l T\u00fcrk \u015eiiri, Ankara: T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nTOGAN, A. Zeki Velidi (1948), \u201cHazarlar\u2019\u2019, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, \u0130stanbul: Milli E\u011fitim
\nBas\u0131mevi.
\nTOGAN, A. Zeki Velidi (1981), Umumi T\u00fcrk Tarihine Giri\u015f, , \u0130stanbul: Enderun Kitabevi.
\nT\u00d6M\u00dcR, Hemit; OSMANOF, Mirsultan; \u011eAPPAR, Amine (1995), \u201cKutad\u011fu Bilik\u2019te
\n\u0130padilengen Edebiy Til To\u011frisida\u201d, \u015eincang \u0130ctimaiy Penler Tetkikati.
\nTURAN, Osman (2006), T\u00fcrk Cihan Hakimiyeti Mefkuresi Tarihi, \u0130stanbul: \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat.
\nVEL\u0130, Kurban (1986), Bizning Tarihiy Y\u0131ziklirimiz, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Ya\u015f-\u00d6sm\u00fcrler
\nNe\u015friyati.
\nYang \u2013Sheng-min (1998), Kedimki Uygurlar, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\nYAS\u0130N, Yusufcan (2007), \u201cKarahanl\u0131lara Kadar T\u00fcrklerde Madencilik\u2019\u2019, Orhun, 118.
\nYAS\u0130N, Yusufcan (2007), \u201cUy\u011fur Medeniyet Tarihida \u015eamanizm Mesilisi\u2019\u2019, Turpanxunaslik
\nTetkikati.<\/p>\n
\nT\u00fcrkiyat Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Bilgi \u015e\u00f6leni Bildirileri: Ka\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmut ve D\u00f6nemi, Ankara:
\nT\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nY\u00dcS\u00dcP, \u0130srapil; HOCA, Abdukeyyum; KEMB\u0130R\u0130, Dolkun (1987), Kedimki Uygur Tilidiki
\nMaitrisimit, \u00dcr\u00fcm\u00e7i: \u015eincang Helk Ne\u015friyati.
\n\u3015\u82cf\u3014 \u963f\u6797\u8bfa\u592b\u300a\u3008 \u7a81\u53a5\u8bed\u8bcd\u5178\u3009 \u63d2\u56fe\u4e2d\u7684\u6c11\u65cf\u5730\u540d\u5b66\u8bb0\u8f7d\u300b,\u300a\u6c11\u65cf\u8bd1\u4e1b\u300b, 1992\u5e74
\n\u7b2c\u56db\u671f.
\n\u3015\u65e5\u3014 \u5b89\u90e8\u5065\u592b \u8457\u300a\u897f\u56de\u9e58\u53f2\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b, \u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 1985\u5e74, \u65b0\u7586\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u9b4f\u664b\u5357\u5317\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b, \u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 2007\u5e74,
\n\u65b0\u7586\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u9648\u4e16\u660e, \u5b5f\u6960, \u9ad8\u5065 \u7f16\u8005\u300a\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u53f2\u5510\u5b8b\u5143\u660e\u65f6\u671f\u897f\u57df\u53f2\u6599\u6c47\u7f16\u300b, \u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 2010 \u5e74,
\n\u65b0\u7586\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u623f\u7384\u9f84\u64b0\u300a\u664b\u4e66\u300b, \u5317\u4eac, 1973\u5e74, \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c.
\n\u3015\u5fb7\u3014 \u51af\u4f73\u73ed \u8457\u300a\u9ad8\u660c\u56de\u9e58\u738b\u56fd\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u300b, 1989\u5e74, \u5410\u9c81\u756a\u5e02\u5730\u65b9\u5fd7\u7f16\u8f91\u5ba4\u51fa\u7248.
\n\u803f\u4e16\u6c11 \u8457\u300a\u65b0\u7586\u6587\u53f2\u8bba\u6587\u96c6\u300b(\u201cCollection of the Papers on language -Literature and
\nHistory of X\u0131nj\u0131ang\u2019\u2019), \u5317\u4eac, 2001\u5e74, \u4e2d\u592e\u6c11\u65cf\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u3015\u6cd5\u3014 J.R. \u54c8\u5bc6\u987f \u8457\u300a\u4e94\u4ee3\u56de\u9e58\u53f2\u6599\u300b, \u6211\u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 1982, \u65b0\u7586\u4eba\u4eec\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u534e\u6d9b \u8457\u300a\u897f\u57df\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b(\u516b\u81f3\u5341\u4e16\u754c), 2003\u5e74, \u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u9a6c\u957f\u5bff \u8457\u300a\u7a81\u53a5\u4eba\u548c\u7a81\u53a5\u6c57\u56fd\u300b, \u6842\u6797, 2006 \u5e74, \u5e7f\u897f\u5e08\u8303\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n[\u53e4\u4ee3\u963f\u62c9\u4f2f] \u9a6c\u82cf\u7b2c \u8457\u300a\u9ec4\u91d1\u8349\u539f\u300b, \u897f\u5b81, 1998\u5e74, \u9752\u6d77\u4eba\u6c11\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u94b1\u4f2f\u6cc9\u8457\u300a\u8f66\u5e08\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u8f66\u5e08\u79cd\u65cf\u521d\u63a2\u300b,\u300a\u65b0\u7586\u5927\u5b66\u5b66\u62a5\u300b\uff08\u54f2\u5b66\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u7248\uff09, 1997\u5e74,
\n\u7b2c25\u5377 \u7b2c\u4e09\u671f.
\n\u94b1\u4f2f\u6cc9\u300a\u65bc\u90fd\u65a4\u5c71\u300b,\u300a\u65b0\u7586\u5386\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u300b, 1985\u5e74, \u7b2c\u4e8c\u671f.
\n\u5b8b\u6fc2 \u64b0\u300a\u5143\u53f2\u300b, \u5317\u4eac, 1976\u5e74, \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c.
\n\u8c2d\u5176\u9aa7 \u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5730\u56fe\u96c6\u300b, \u7b2c\u4e94\u518c\uff08\u968b \u5510 \u4e94\u4ee3\u5341\u56fd\u65f6\u671f\uff09, \u4e0a\u6d77, 1982\u5e74,
\n\u5730\u56fe\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u8131\u8131 \u64b0 \u300a\u8fbd\u53f2\u300b, \u5317\u4eac, 1974\u5e74, \u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c.
\n\u8131\u8131 \u64b0\u300a\u91d1\u53f2\u300b, \u5317\u4eac, 1975 \u5e74,\u4e2d\u534e\u4e66\u5c40\u6807\u70b9\u672c.
\n\u4f5a\u540d\/ \u8457 \u738b\u6cbb\u6765\/ \u8bd1\u6ce8\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5883\u57df\u5fd7\u300b, 2010\u5e74, \u4e0a\u6d77\u53e4\u7c4d\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u626c\u5723\u654f \u8457 \u300a\u56de\u7ea5\u53f2\u300b, \u957f\u6625, 1991\u5e74, \u5409\u6797\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n\u5f20\u5fd7\u5c27 \u4e3b\u7f16\u300a\u8349\u539f\u4e1d\u7ef8\u4e4b\u8def\u4e0e\u4e2d\u4e9a\u6587\u660e\u300b, \u4e4c\u9c81\u6728\u9f50, 1994\u5e74, \u65b0\u7586\u7f8e\u672f\u6444\u5f71\u51fa\u7248\u793e.
\n[\u4f0a\u6717] \u5fd7\u8d39\u5c3c \u8457\u300a\u4e16\u754c\u5f81\u670d\u8005\u53f2\u300b(\u4e0a), \u5357\u4eac, 2005 \u5e74, \u6c5f\u82cf\u6559\u80b2\u51fa\u7248\u793e.<\/p>\n