{"id":4004,"date":"2020-06-29T11:48:10","date_gmt":"2020-06-29T08:48:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=4004"},"modified":"2020-07-03T12:04:36","modified_gmt":"2020-07-03T09:04:36","slug":"dogu-turkistanda-gucler-savasi-1931-kumul-ayaklanmasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=4004","title":{"rendered":"Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7ler sava\u015f\u0131: 1931 kumul ayaklanmas\u0131"},"content":{"rendered":"
\"\"<\/h5>\n
Do\u00e7. Dr. Tekin TUNCER<\/span><\/h5>\n

\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan tarih boyunca bir\u00e7ok i\u015fgale ve irili ufakl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok ayaklanmaya sahne olmu\u015f bir co\u011frafyad\u0131r. 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 m\u00fccadeleler sonucunda Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu durumdan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da etkilenmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6netim de\u011fi\u015fimi sonras\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, umumi valiler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f
\nve merkezi bir otorite taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in de Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da keyfi uygulamalar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Chin Shu-jen d\u00f6neminde 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan Kumul Ayaklanmas\u0131 y\u00f6netimi eline ge\u00e7iren umumi valinin keyfi uygulamalar\u0131 sonucunda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f bir ayaklanma olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ayaklanman\u0131n teti\u011fi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir k\u0131z\u0131n bir \u00c7inli memur taraf\u0131nda i\u011ffal edilmesi ile ba\u015flasa da zaman i\u00e7erisinde b\u00f6lgede h\u00e2kimiyet kurmak i\u00e7in hesap yapan bir\u00e7ok grubun g\u00fc\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadeleleri zaman i\u00e7erisinde Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f, g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan Uygurlara da s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015f ve ba\u015fka bir ayaklanma ismi ile an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da bir \u0130slam devletinin kurulmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle b\u00f6lgedeki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve y\u00f6netim uygulamalar\u0131ndaki yanl\u0131\u015flar\u0131n nelere yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini g\u00f6rmek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda Kumul Ayaklanmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6rnektir.<\/p>\n

1. Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Kumul Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na neden olan geli\u015fmeleri do\u011fru izah edebilmek i\u00e7in Chin Shu-jen1 d\u00f6neminin siyasi ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmakta fayda vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00f6ncelikle Chin\u2019in y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irme \u015fekli ve d\u00f6neminin ekonomik sistemini bilmek gerekir. Yang Tseng-hsin\u2019i2 diploma merasimi s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcrten Fan Yaonan\u2019\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ran Chin Shu-jen, Yang\u2019tan sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n umumi valisi olmu\u015ftur. Chin\u2019in y\u00fckselmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 da t\u0131pk\u0131 Yang\u2019\u0131n Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki y\u00fckseli\u015fi ile paraleldir. Asl\u0131nda Chin\u2019in y\u00fckseli\u015fi gayet normaldir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Yang i\u00e7in en \u00f6nemli \u015fey i\u015f yapabilecek ama kendisine ayak ba\u011f\u0131 olmayacak ki\u015filer se\u00e7mektir. Chin, bu \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir ki\u015fidir. Esrarke\u015f bir ki\u015fi oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Yang\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilece\u011fi insan profiline uygundur.3
\nChin, Fan\u2019\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra Nanking\u2019de bulunan Kuomintang H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ne telgraf \u00e7ekerek Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n umumi valilik g\u00f6revinin kendisine verilmesini istemi\u015ftir. Milliyet\u00e7i \u00c7in H\u00fck\u00fcmeti de bu g\u00f6revi Chin\u2019e vermi\u015ftir. Chin, asl\u0131nda y\u00f6netim konusunda pek de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe gitmemi\u015f, Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neminden beri devam eden ve bir \u00f6nceki vali olan Yang\u2019\u0131n dokunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sistemi aynen devam ettirerek onu korumu\u015ftur.4
\nAsl\u0131nda Chin, bir yerde Yang\u2019\u0131 taklit etmi\u015ftir denilebilir. Onun izledi\u011fi siyaset gibi idari i\u015flerde dost ve akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6reve getirmi\u015f ve Yang, nas\u0131l Tunganl\u0131 ve Yunnanl\u0131 dost ve akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6reve getirmi\u015fse Chin de Kansulu dost ve akrabalar\u0131n\u0131 idari g\u00f6revlere getirmi\u015ftir.5<\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen b\u00f6lge i\u00e7indeki denetim, g\u00f6zetim ve sans\u00fcr sistemini Yang Tseng-hsin d\u00f6neminden daha fazla abartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hatta bu konuyu \u00f6yle bir abartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ki insanlar\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131nda \u015faka yollu bile olsa y\u00f6netimle ilgili ters bir \u015fey s\u00f6ylediklerinde bu ki\u015fileri an\u0131nda cezaland\u0131rma yoluna gitmi\u015ftir.6 \u0130\u00e7 denetimleri artt\u0131rma yoluna giden Chin, \u015fehirleraras\u0131nda irtibat\u0131 en aza indirebilmek i\u00e7in b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lacak geziler i\u00e7in dahi pasaport uygulamas\u0131
\ngetirmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece hem yerli halk\u0131n birbirleriyle olan ili\u015fkilerini en alt seviyeye indirmi\u015f hem de pasaportlardan ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergilerle ek bir gelir elde etmi\u015ftir.7 Tabi bu uygulamalar\u0131n alt\u0131nda yatan en \u00f6nemli unsur kendisini ve makam\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcven alt\u0131na alma duygusudur.<\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen, ekonomik s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc noktas\u0131nda da Yang Tseng-hsin\u2019i taklit etmi\u015ftir. Yang\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Chin\u2019de piyasaya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan para s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f, b\u00f6ylece arz talep dengesi bozulmu\u015f ve paran\u0131n al\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fc azald\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in enflasyon artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.8Yang d\u00f6neminden en b\u00fcy\u00fck gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olan \u00e7ift\u00e7ilikten al\u0131nan vergiler bu d\u00f6nemde iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.9 Yang, \u00e7ift\u00e7iden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergiyi belli bir seviyede tuttu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u00e7ift\u00e7iler isyan etmemi\u015ftir. Ancak Chin, bu vergileri artt\u0131r\u0131nca \u00e7ift\u00e7iler rahats\u0131z olmu\u015f ve y\u00f6netime kar\u015f\u0131 olumsuz bir hava olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Chin sadece \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri huzursuz etmekle kalmay\u0131p \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r mallar\u0131na, Kariya\u2019daki alt\u0131n madenlerine ve Hoten\u2019deki mermer madenlerine de el atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yang d\u00f6neminde \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn i\u015fletmelerinden elde edilen gelirler Yang\u2019da toplansa da bunlar\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131rarak kendisine sad\u0131k ki\u015fileri etraf\u0131nda toplamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Chin ise b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00e2r getiren mallar olan alt\u0131n ve mermer madenlerini h\u00fck\u00fcmet tekeline alm\u0131\u015f, payla\u015fma yoluna gitmemi\u015f, sadece bu paralarla emniyet ve ordu mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rarak b\u00f6lgede adeta ter\u00f6r estirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen\u2019in bir di\u011fer uygulamas\u0131 ise b\u00f6lgede hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla ge\u00e7imini yapan ki\u015filere y\u00f6nelik olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgenin \u201cKarakol Kuzusu\u201d ve bu kuzulardan elde edilen derileri me\u015fhurdur. Bu defa da bu derilerin gelirlerine g\u00f6z koyan Chin, elindeki silahl\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc de kullanarak ederinin onda biri fiyat\u0131na bu derileri satmaya halk\u0131 mecbur etmi\u015ftir.10 Chin\u2019in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu ekonomik sistem sayesinde \u00c7inli memurlar da zenginle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da uygulanan ekonomik sistemin sonucunda ticari sermayenin %12\u2019sini yerli t\u00fcccarlar, %37\u2019sini \u00c7inli ve di\u011fer yabanc\u0131 t\u00fcccarlar, %51\u2019ini ise \u00c7inli memurlar ellerine ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Chin elde etti\u011fi d\u00f6viz ve alt\u0131n\u0131 Urum\u00e7i\u2019den d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece bir \u00f6nceki valiyi taklit etmi\u015ftir.11<\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen, yabanc\u0131lara da iyi g\u00f6zle bakmayan bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahiptir. Bu y\u00fczden yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye giri\u015flerini engellemek i\u00e7in elinden gelen t\u00fcm gayreti sarf etmi\u015ftir.12 Bunun en \u00f6nemli sebebi ise yabanc\u0131 korkusudur. Sadece bat\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fil Chin, ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Merkezi \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi ile de ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 kesmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir yol izlemi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Merkezi \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ba\u011flar\u0131n olu\u015fmas\u0131 durumunda burada olup bitenin
\n\u00c7in\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmektedir. Y\u00f6netiminde olan r\u00fc\u015fvet, yolsuzluk ve eksikliklerin Nanking taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011frenilmesinin s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 yarataca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi i\u00e7in de ili\u015fkileri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu kadar gizli tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.13 Chin y\u00f6netimi d\u00f6neminde t\u0131pk\u0131 Yang d\u00f6neminde oldu\u011fu gibi d\u0131\u015fa kapal\u0131 bir ekonomik model takip edilmi\u015f ve modern y\u00f6ntemler uygulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ticaretin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Umumi Valisi olduktan sonra uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasetten kimse memnun de\u011fildir. Uygulamalar\u0131 T\u00fcrkleri, Tunganlar\u0131, Mo\u011follar\u0131 ve hatta \u00c7inli subaylar\u0131 dahi rahats\u0131z etmi\u015ftir. Chin\u2019in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu siyasetin yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 b\u00f6lgede y\u0131llarca bulunan Mildred Cable ve Francesca French \u015f\u00f6yle ifade etmektedir: \u201c\u00c7in T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n (Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan kastediliyor) reisi Chin iyi veya akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bir idareci vas\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 haiz de\u011fildi. O, i\u00e7i korkuyla dolu, zenginleri kay\u0131ran, fakirlere zulmeden ve diktat\u00f6rlere mahsus istibdat ve karars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 birbiriyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131ran bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdard\u0131.\u201d14 Bu ifadelerden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere y\u00f6netim ve ekonomi konusunda halk\u0131 memnun edemeyen bir idareci i\u00e7in en ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonu\u00e7 isyan hareketi olur.<\/p>\n

2. Kumul Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n Geli\u015fimi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen y\u00f6netimi d\u00f6neminde T\u00fcrkleri isyana sevk eden olay Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda ilhak edilmesi olmu\u015ftur. Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda Tso Tsung-t\u2019ang d\u00f6neminden beri yar\u0131 \u00f6zerk bir konumda varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir. Bu hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fi Ming Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve hatta \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nesillerine dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir.15 Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 stratejik bir konuma sahip bir b\u00f6lgedir. Buras\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n K\u0131t\u2019a \u00c7in\u2019ine ba\u011flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck yola h\u00e2kim bir b\u00f6lge oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemlidir.16 Ge\u00e7imlerini tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla sa\u011flayan b\u00f6lge halk\u0131, topraklar\u0131n\u0131n bereketli olmas\u0131 sebebiyle refah seviyesi iyi durumdad\u0131r.17 Ancak bu durum Yang Tseng-hsin\u2019in suikast sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonras\u0131nda ba\u015fa ge\u00e7en Chin d\u00f6neminde de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u015eubat 1929\u2019dan itibaren Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131k\u0131y\u00f6netim ilan edilmi\u015f ve bu olaya Kansu b\u00f6lgesindeki Tunganlar\u0131n faaliyetleri sebep olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.18 Maksut \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Chin\u2019in Kumul \u00fczerindeki politikas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Kumul\u2019un T\u00fcmen Komutan\u0131 Li Hsi-ts\u2019eng Kumul\u2019un Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.19 Bu teklif Chin\u2019in akl\u0131na yatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6lgenin i\u015fgali yeni gelir kaynaklar\u0131 elde etmek oldu\u011fu gibi \u00c7inli memurlara da yeni mevkilerin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acakt\u0131r.20 Bunun i\u00e7in N\u00e2s\u0131r21 ve Yolbars Han\u2019\u013122 Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 la\u011fvetti\u011fini bildirmi\u015ftir.23 Bu olaylardan Maksut \u015eah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra N\u00e2s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n destek i\u00e7in de\u011fil Chin taraf\u0131ndan ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k bildirmek i\u00e7in davet edildi\u011fi ger\u00e7e\u011fe daha yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.24<\/p>\n

Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n la\u011fvedilmesi sonras\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce \u00c7inli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin yerle\u015ftirilmesine izin verilmeyen Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00c7inli g\u00f6\u00e7menler gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve bu olay b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Uygurlar\u0131n \u00f6fkesine neden olmu\u015ftur.25 Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgeye gelen \u00c7inli g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin iki y\u0131l vergiden muaf tutulmas\u0131 da kanunla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.26 Bu olay sonras\u0131 Kansu b\u00f6lgesindeki a\u00e7l\u0131k ve sava\u015f y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ka\u00e7an g\u00f6\u00e7menler i\u00e7in Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmaz bir f\u0131rsat olmu\u015ftur. Bununla beraber buraya g\u00f6\u00e7men olarak gelenlerin hepsi de yoksul de\u011fildir. Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ise Chin Shujen\u2019in Kansulu olmas\u0131 sebebiyle onun propagandas\u0131na kap\u0131larak b\u00f6lgeye gelmi\u015ftir. Chin bu yolla b\u00f6lgedeki \u00c7inli g\u00f6\u00e7menler sayesinde n\u00fcfuzunu artt\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.27 \u00c7inli g\u00f6\u00e7menlere arazi bulmak i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgenin yerli halk\u0131 olan Uygurlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131na el konulmu\u015f ve Uygurlar verimsiz olan \u00e7\u00f6l etraf\u0131ndaki arazilere g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Uygurlara verilen arazilerin ise ellerinden al\u0131nan arazilere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k tazminat olarak verildi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.28<\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyaset ile \u00f6fkeleri artan b\u00f6lge halk\u0131na \u00c7in y\u00f6netiminin dini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanlarda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131lar da eklenince hem T\u00fcrkler hem de \u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, \u00c7in y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130syan\u0131n fitilini ate\u015fleyen geli\u015fme ise \u00c7in\u2019in Kumul\u2019u i\u015fgal ettikten sonra b\u00f6lgede uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 idari de\u011fi\u015fiklik sonras\u0131 ba\u015flayan politikas\u0131 do\u011frultusunda b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi ve kendi hem\u015ferisi olan \u00c7ang-mu isimli vergi tahsildar\u0131 ve emniyet m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn fevri davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 neden olmu\u015ftur.29 Olaylar\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olan geli\u015fme ise \u00c7ang-mu\u2019nun 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir Uygur k\u0131z\u0131na \u00e2\u015f\u0131k olmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flar. K\u0131z\u0131, babas\u0131 Salih Dorga\u2019dan isterken mevkiini ve g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kullanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r.30 Bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u0131z\u0131n gayri M\u00fcslim biri ile evlenmesi dinen yasak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in k\u0131z\u0131 \u00c7ang-mu\u2019ya vermemi\u015flerdir. \u00c7angmu\u2019nun k\u0131z\u0131 i\u011ffal etmesi sebebiyle uleman\u0131n izni olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00f6stermelik bir nik\u00e2h t\u00f6reni d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, bu t\u00f6rende \u00c7ang-mu iyice sarho\u015f olduktan sonra adamlar\u0131 ile beraber \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.31 B\u00f6ylece ihtilal patlak vermi\u015ftir. Bu olaydan sonra Uygurlar, \u00c7inlilerin elinde bulunan karakollara sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve buradaki \u00c7in askerleri ile vergi tahsildarlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra m\u00fchimmatlar\u0131na el koymu\u015flard\u0131r. Yeteri kadar m\u00fchimmat ele ge\u00e7irildi\u011fine inanan Uygurlar bu defa Kumulu ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in \u015fehre sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcrede Kumul ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7inliler Kumul Eski\u015fehir i\u00e7indeki sularla \u00e7evrili b\u00f6lgeye s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak kap\u0131lar\u0131 kapatm\u0131\u015f, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da kalan \u00c7inliler, isyanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.32<\/p>\n

Bu olay ya\u015fan\u0131rken yazl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olan Maksut \u015eah\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcste\u015far\u0131 Yolbars Han da k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra ihtilale d\u00e2hil olmu\u015f33 ve Hoca Niyaz Hac\u013134 ile birlikte hareket etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Chin Shu-jen\u2019in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 siyasetten rahats\u0131z olan Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Tungalar da isyana kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.35 Bu istila s\u0131ras\u0131nda Kumullu bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00c7inli olan T\u00fcccar Vang da ihtilale destek vermi\u015ftir.36 \u0130htilale bir destek de \u00c7in y\u00f6netiminden memnun olmayan K\u0131rg\u0131zlar ile Bark\u00f6l b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan Kazaklardan gelmi\u015ftir.37<\/p>\n

3. Tunganlar\u0131n Kumul Ayaklanmas\u0131na D\u00e2hil Olmas\u0131<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130htilalin \u00fclkenin tamam\u0131na yay\u0131lmas\u0131ndan korkan Chin Shu-jen, ihtilalcilerin uzla\u015fma teklifini kabul etmez ve askeri birlikleri b\u00f6lgeye sevk eder. Chin\u2019in b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi askerlere m\u00fcdahalenin ac\u0131mas\u0131z olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde telkini vard\u0131r.38 Bu durum Uygurlar\u0131n yeni bir strateji takip etmelerine neden olmu\u015ftur. Yap\u0131lan m\u00fczakereler sonucunda Yolbars Han\u2019\u0131n Nanking\u2019e g\u00f6nderilip Kuomintang H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmesine karar verilmi\u015f ve Haziran 1931\u2019de Yolbars Han gizlice yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.39 Yolbars Han, Nanking\u2019e yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Ma Chung-ying\u2019in40 kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunan Su\u00e7ov \u015fehrinden ge\u00e7mek zorundad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde 17 ya\u015f\u0131nda olan Ma Chung-ying, Yolbars Han\u2019\u0131 yeme\u011fe\u00a0 davet etmi\u015f ve onunla Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmenin bir tesad\u00fcf m\u00fc? Yoksa planl\u0131 m\u0131? Olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131 muammad\u0131r. Ancak olay\u0131n tesad\u00fcfi oldu\u011funa inanmak zordur.41 \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc daha sonra hat\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131 yazan Yolbars Han, bu hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda Ma Chung-ying\u2019in \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ihtilal haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu, Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131 ile ilgili Ma Chung-ying\u2019in kendisinden bilgi almak i\u00e7in adamlar g\u00f6nderdi\u011fini ancak kendisinin bu ihtilal ile ilgili bilgisinin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemektedir.<\/p>\n

Ma Chung-ying\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 istemesinin sebebi ise \u00c7in taraf\u0131na do\u011fru ilerledi\u011fi takdirde amcas\u0131 Ma Pu-fank ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelece\u011finden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7in\u2019e sald\u0131rabilmek i\u00e7in amcas\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmas\u0131 gerekiyordur.42 Di\u011fer bir sebep ise kurmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc devlet bir \u0130slam devletiydi ve bunun i\u00e7in M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in de M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesine girmesi gerekiyordu. Ayr\u0131ca ortam Ma Chung-ying\u2019in i\u015fine de geliyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da Chin Shu-jen\u2019in bask\u0131ya dayanan bir y\u00f6netimi vard\u0131 ve buradaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman karde\u015flerinin ona ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onu kucaklayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesine neden olmu\u015ftur.43 1 Temmuz 1931\u2019de Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kan Citroen Ke\u015fif Heyeti, Ma Chung ying\u2019in Kumul Eski\u015fehrine sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na \u015fahit olmu\u015ftur.44 Ma Chung-ying\u2019in 3 Temmuz\u2019da Chin\u2019e iki el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderdi\u011fini ve Ma Chung-ying\u2019in Nanking taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgenin umum valisi olarak atand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu nedenle Kumul garnizonun kendisine teslim etmesini emretti\u011fini s\u00f6ylerler. Chin\u2019in ise bu el\u00e7ilerden birini \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, di\u011fer el\u00e7iyi ise Ma Chung-ying\u2019e g\u00f6nderip isteklerini kabul etmedi\u011fini belirtmektedir. Bunun \u00fczerine Ma Chung-ying \u00e7ok say\u0131da modern silah ve cephanesi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Chin\u2019in askerlerine sald\u0131r\u0131r.45 3 Temmuz 1931\u2019de \u00fc\u00e7 defa taarruz etmi\u015fse de Ma Chung ying\u2019in kuvvetleri ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.46 Ma Chung-ying daha sonra \u00e7ok az Tungan birli\u011fini ve Uygur ihtilalciyi Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u0131rakarak s\u00fcvarilerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ile Karl\u0131k da\u011f \u00fczerinden Bark\u00f6l\u2019e gider.47<\/p>\n

Chin Shu-jen, Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131 ve bunlara destek veren Tungan istilas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneydeki Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan duyulmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in gayret sarf etmi\u015f fakat bunda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.48 Chin\u2019in sans\u00fcr politikas\u0131 i\u015fe yaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan gelen haberler \u00fclkenin g\u00fcneyinde ya\u015fayan halk\u0131 da hareketlenmeye ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Chin\u2019in g\u00fcneydeki halk\u0131n ho\u015fnutsuz oldu\u011funun fark\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ma Chung-ying\u2019i yenmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n ve Hindistan\u2019da bulunan \u0130ngilizlerin 4.000 t\u00fcfek ve 4 milyon mermi g\u00f6ndermesinden de49 cesaret alarak kat\u0131 tutumunu artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngilizlerin bu yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temel sebebi ise b\u00f6lgeye n\u00fcfuz etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Sovyet etkisini k\u0131rmak i\u00e7indir.<\/p>\n

Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131ndan yaralanan Ma Chung-ying, May\u0131s 1932\u2019de Ma \u015eih-ming50 isimli subay\u0131n\u0131 Tungan askerlerinin komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirir.51 Ma \u015eih-ming kuvvetleri ile beraber Turfan yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kararg\u00e2h kurar ve bundan sonra diplomatik yollarla g\u00fc\u00e7lenmenin yollar\u0131n\u0131 arar. Bu sayede Yolbars Han ve Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131 ve Uygur ihtilalciler ile ili\u015fki kurdu\u011fu gibi Chin y\u00f6netiminin Turfan\u2019daki askeri birli\u011finin komutan\u0131 Ma Fu-ming52 isimli Tungan subay\u0131 ile de irtibata ge\u00e7erek taraf\u0131na \u00e7eker.53 Bu olay ihtilalcileri g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir.<\/p>\n

1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli hadise de Chin Shu-jen\u2019in Mo\u011follar\u0131n Tang\u0131t Kabilesi reisini ortadan kald\u0131rmas\u0131d\u0131r. May\u0131s 1932\u2019de Mo\u011follar\u0131n lideri Putsang Gegeen\u2019den intikam almak isteyen Chin, Gegeen\u2019i ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye davet eder. Chin\u2019in Gegeen\u2019i ortadan kald\u0131rmak istemesinin nedeni ise Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Ma Chungying\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 yard\u0131m istemesine ra\u011fmen Mo\u011fol liderinin yard\u0131m g\u00f6ndermemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Chin, Gegeen\u2019in onuruna sarayda bir yemek verir ve onu bu yemekte \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr. Bu olay d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 \u00e7ok olan Chin\u2019in sadece d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131r. Chin d\u00f6nemindeki bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli geli\u015fme ise Stalin\u2019in Bat\u0131 T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fayanlar\u0131 yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7irmek istemesi sonucu bunu kabul etmeyen K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n 1932 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na gelmesi ve olaylar\u0131n buraya yans\u0131mas\u0131d\u0131r.54 Ma \u015eao-vu, Albay Yang komutas\u0131nda bir orduyu Temmuz 1932\u2019de \u0130d Mirab55 \u00f6nderli\u011finde ayaklanan K\u0131rg\u0131zlar \u00fczerine g\u00f6nderir.<\/p>\n

Bu arada Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n etkileri s\u00fcratle bat\u0131ya yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ma Fu-ming\u2019in taraf de\u011fi\u015ftirmesinden sonra Ma Chung-ying\u2019in \u00e7ekilmesi sonras\u0131 harabeye d\u00f6nen Kumul tekrar Uygur ihtilalcilerin ve az say\u0131da Tungan birli\u011fine terkedilir. Ma Fu-ming\u2019in komutas\u0131nda bulunan Tungan birlikleri Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye sald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in Turfan\u2019da toplan\u0131r. Turfan\u2019daki olaylardan sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde de ayaklanmalar patlak verir. 1932 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda Turfan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Kara\u015fehirde ayaklanma ba\u015flar. Kara\u015fehir ayaklanmas\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olan Ma \u00c7an-tsang, Ma \u015ei-ming\u2019in m\u00fccadelesine ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmeden bat\u0131ya y\u00f6nelerek Bugur\u2019u alarak Ku\u00e7a\u2019ya do\u011fru ilerleyerek Uygur ihtilalcilerin lideri Timur Beg56 ile ittifak kurar. Bu ittifak sonras\u0131 Timur ve Ma \u00c7an-tsang Aksu\u2019ya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelir ve Bai il\u00e7esini ele ge\u00e7irir.57<\/p>\n

Bai\u2019nin ele ge\u00e7irilmesi stratejik bak\u0131mdan \u00f6nemlidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bai b\u00f6lgesi Ka\u015fgar ile Urum\u00e7i\u2019yi birbirine ba\u011flayan \u00f6nemli kav\u015fak noktas\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Umumi Vali Chin Shu-jen ile Ma \u015eao-vu aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flant\u0131 kesilmi\u015ftir. Ma \u015eao-vu, bir y\u00f6nden Ma \u00c7an-tsang ve Timur Beg kuvvetleri di\u011fer y\u00f6nden Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131 ve Yolbars Han taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rma neticesinde Chin\u2019den yard\u0131m alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015eubat 1933\u2019ten sonra ayaklanmalar olduk\u00e7a yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tar\u0131m havzas\u0131ndaki ayaklanmalar b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131na da s\u0131\u00e7rayarak Ku\u00e7a ve Kariya gibi \u00fclkenin g\u00fcney kesimlerini de etkilemi\u015ftir. Ayaklanmalar\u0131n g\u00fcneye kaymas\u0131nda Tunganlar\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgedeki propagandalar\u0131n\u0131n etkili olma ihtimali y\u00fcksektir.58 G\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesinde ba\u015flayan Ku\u00e7a ve Kariya b\u00f6lgesindeki ayaklanman\u0131n farkl\u0131 taraf\u0131 ise alt\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00fclkenin g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan Kariya yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Sugdak ve Hoten yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Karaka\u015f b\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan yerlerdir ve buralardaki i\u015f\u00e7iler alt\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karman\u0131n belli bir kotaya ba\u011flanmas\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin zor \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00c7in y\u00f6netimine k\u0131zg\u0131nlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Nisan 1933\u2019e gelindi\u011finde \u00fclkenin g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesi ihtilalcilerin eline ge\u00e7mi\u015f, Aksu al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, Urum\u00e7i ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda, Yarkent Yeni\u015fehir hari\u00e7 Yarkent kaybedilmi\u015f, Turfan ve Aksu b\u00f6lgesi kaybedildi\u011fi i\u00e7in Urum\u00e7i ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kesilmi\u015f bir vaziyettedir. \u0130\u015fte bu k\u00f6t\u00fc vaziyette Ka\u015fgar Valisi Ma \u015eao-vu kendini savunacak hali yoktur. Tek umudu Tunganl\u0131 Ma \u00c7an-tsang ile anla\u015fma yolunu aramak olmu\u015ftur. Bunun i\u00e7inde arabulucu olarak \u0130ngiliz Ba\u015fkonsolosu Fitzmaurice\u2019yi devreye sokar. M\u00fczakereler olumlu ba\u015flar ancak Ma \u00c7an-tsang\u2019\u0131n sorunu ku\u015fatmay\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na yapm\u0131yor olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca bu gizli bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in anla\u015fmay\u0131 ancak kendi ad\u0131na yapabilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Ma \u00c7an-tsang\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcttefikleriyle de aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu nedenle Ma \u015eao-vu ve Ma \u00c7an-tsang\u2019\u0131n hemen anla\u015famam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ma \u015eao-vu\u2019nun bir di\u011fer sorunu da 5 Nisan 1933\u2019te isyan eden K\u0131rg\u0131zlar olmu\u015ftur. 1932 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130d Mirab y\u00f6netiminde ayaklanan K\u0131rg\u0131zlara sert davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.59<\/p>\n

4. Kumul Ayaklanmas\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcney B\u00f6lgelerde Ya\u015fayan Uygurlar\u0131 Cesaretlendirmesi<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00dclkenin g\u00fcneyinde \u00c7in h\u00e2kimiyeti ortadan kalkt\u0131ktan sonra bu defa Uygurlar ile Tunganlar\u0131n aras\u0131 y\u00f6netime h\u00e2kimiyet noktas\u0131nda bozulmaya ba\u015flar. Hoten\u2019de T\u00fcrklerin ayaklanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberinin gelmesi \u00fczerine Ma \u00c7an-tsang, Ma \u015eao-vu ile anla\u015fma yoluna gider. Zaten iyice k\u00f6\u015feye s\u0131k\u0131\u015fan Ma \u015eao-vu bu teklifi kabul eder. Anla\u015fma gere\u011fince bir Tungan hakimiyeti sa\u011flamak istenir. Ma \u00c7an-tsang b\u00f6lgenin \u00c7in\u2019den ayr\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, \u0131slah edilmesi gerekti\u011fini, T\u00fcrklerin ise \u00c7in\u2019den ayr\u0131lmak istedi\u011fini \u0130ngiliz Ba\u015fkonsoloslu\u011fu vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Ma \u015eao-vu\u2019ya iletir. Bu arada Ka\u015fgar Eski\u015fehir\u2019de milliyet\u00e7iler \u201cGen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi\u201d ad\u0131nda siyasi bir olu\u015fum i\u00e7ine girer. Ma \u00c7an-tsang\u2019\u0131n, Ma \u015eao-vu ile ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphelenmeye ba\u015flar. \u0130li\u015fkiler iyice bozuldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Gen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi, Ma \u015eao-vu\u2019nun direni\u015f i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu ve Ma \u00c7an-tsang ile olan ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in yedi ki\u015filik bir heyet Feyzabat\u2019ta Ma \u00c7an-tsang ve Timur Beg ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Gen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi, K\u0131rg\u0131z lider Osman Ali60 ile de g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere devam eder. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler neticesinde Ma \u015eao-vu\u2019nun Eski\u015fehir\u2019de kona\u011f\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Yeni\u015fehir\u2019i g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdi\u011fi, \u015fehrin duvarlar\u0131na toplar yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi, \u015fehre giri\u015f \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flarda resmi kimlikliler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kimsenin al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberlerinin gelmesi \u00fczerine Ma \u015eao-vu\u2019un direni\u015fe devam etti\u011fi, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde Ma \u00c7an-tsang\u2019a anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Onun da ikna edilmesinden sonra K\u0131rg\u0131z lideri Osman Ali\u2019nin \u015fehre sald\u0131rmas\u0131 kabul edilir. Tabi bu karar \u00fczerine akla hemen \u015fu soru gelmektedir. Ma \u00c7an-tsang ile Ma \u015eao-vu anla\u015fma yolunda olmas\u0131n\u0131n muhtemel sebebi? Ma \u00c7an-tsang\u2019\u0131n beraber hareket etti\u011fi T\u00fcrkleri kaybedip d\u00fc\u015fman kazanaca\u011f\u0131na, Ma \u015eao-vu\u2019yu ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p Ka\u015fgar Yeni\u015fehir\u2019de daha uysal bir Tungan lideri ile uzla\u015fma yolunu g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak iste\u011fi olabilir.61<\/p>\n

3 May\u0131s 1933 g\u00fcn\u00fc Timur Beg y\u00f6netimindeki Uygur ihtilalciler, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 ile \u015fehre yerle\u015fir. Ma \u00c7an-tsang ise Yeni\u015fehir kap\u0131s\u0131na giderek \u00c7inilerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr ve \u015fehri teslim al\u0131r. \u00c7inlilerin T\u00fcrklere teslim olmaktansa M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00c7inlilere teslim olmak istemesinin \u00f6nemli bir pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. 3 May\u0131s 1933 g\u00fcn\u00fc itibariyle Yarkent Yeni\u015fehir b\u00f6lgesine Hoten ayaklanmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an 450 \u00c7in askerinin gelmesiyle direnen b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgesinde \u00c7in h\u00e2kimiyetine son verilmi\u015ftir. Ma \u00c7an-tsang \u201cGen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi\u201d lideri ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonras\u0131 kendisinin kand\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Timur\u2019un T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ilerinin tesirine girdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek kendisi ile m\u00fcttefik olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlar.62 Bunun \u00fczerine kendisi ile ittifak kurabilecek Ka\u015fgar Valisi Ma \u015eao-vu\u2019yu destekleme karar\u0131 al\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ka\u015fgar \u015fehrinde bu olaylar ya\u015fan\u0131rken Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan Hoten\u2019de bir ba\u015fka siyasi geli\u015fme ya\u015fan\u0131r. G\u00fcneyde alt\u0131n madeni i\u015f\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015flat\u0131lan, liderli\u011fini \u0130smail Han Hoca\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyan hareketinden farkl\u0131 bir olu\u015fum ba\u015flar. Bu olu\u015fumun liderli\u011fini Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, karde\u015fleri Abdullah ve Nur Ahmet ile dostlar\u0131 ve talebeleri taraf\u0131ndan 1932 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda kurulan Milli \u0130nk\u0131lap Komitesi yapmaktad\u0131r63. Komiteye daha sonra \u00f6\u011fretmen olan ancak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Hindistan\u2019\u0131 dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f Gulca\u2019n\u0131n eski kad\u0131s\u0131 Sabit Damolla64 da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.65 Komitenin siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc t\u0131pk\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi gibi T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fi idi. Ayr\u0131ca Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da bir \u0130slam devleti kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hotenliler ile Kumul\u2019da isyan eden Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131 aras\u0131nda 1927\u2019den beri bir ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015fsa da 1932 Kumul ve 1933 Hoten ayaklanmalar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda bu iki grubun beraber hareket ettiklerine dair bir bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ma \u00c7an-tsang\u2019\u0131n ve Tunganlar\u0131n saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki grupla\u015fmalar Hoten ve Ka\u015fgar T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda da ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu grupla\u015fmada tansiyonu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in Timur Beg\u2019in adam\u0131 Haf\u0131z, Yarkent Yeni\u015fehri ald\u0131ktan sonra burada ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ganimetleri Hotenli Emir Abdullah Han ve Emir Nur Ahmetcan\u2019a vermi\u015ftir.66 Buna ra\u011fmen ili\u015fkiler d\u00fczelmeyince bu defa Haf\u0131z, elindeki askerleri silahland\u0131r\u0131p g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme yoluna gitmi\u015ftir.67<\/p>\n

Yarkent\u2019in al\u0131nmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 Hoten Emirleri bu b\u00f6lgenin ba\u015f\u0131na Emir Nur Ahmetcan\u2019\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir. Emir Abdullah ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 2.000 ki\u015filik kuvvetiyle Ka\u015fgar b\u00f6lgesine gitmi\u015ftir. Emir Abdullah Han\u2019\u0131n Ka\u015fgar b\u00f6lgesine gitmesinin sebebi ise Timur\u2019u bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7indir. Ka\u015fgar b\u00f6lgesinde Emir Abdullah Han\u2019\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn artmas\u0131na neden olan bir ba\u015fka geli\u015fme ise Canip Beg\u2019in68 1.000 ki\u015filik kuvveti ile 11 Haziran 1933\u2019te Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gelmesidir.69<\/p>\n

Bu geli\u015fme hem T\u00fcrk liderlerini hem de Sovyetleri tedirgin etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Canip Beg, kararg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131 Gen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi\u2019nin \u00f6nde gelenlerinden Abd\u00fcrrahim Baybe\u00e7\u00e7e\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131nda kurmu\u015ftur. Bu olaydan Ruslar\u0131n tedirgin olmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebi ise hem Canip Beg\u2019in eski bir Basmac\u0131 mensubu olmas\u0131 hem de Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gelmeden \u00f6nce Gen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi\u2019nin ihtilali ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in Sovyetlerle i\u015f birli\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyor olmas\u0131ndand\u0131r. Ancak Canip Beg\u2019in ani geli\u015fi Sovyetlerin planlar\u0131n\u0131 bozmu\u015ftur. Bu durum Sovyetler kadar Timur Beg ve K\u0131rg\u0131z lider Osman Ali\u2019yi de tedirgin etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu iki T\u00fcrk liderin zevk ve sefa i\u00e7inde olmalar\u0131 sebebiyle b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Uygur ve K\u0131rg\u0131zlar, Canip Beg\u2019i alternatif lider olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.70<\/p>\n

Urum\u00e7i d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bunlar ya\u015fan\u0131rken Urum\u00e7i\u2019de her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn karga\u015fal\u0131klar artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.71 \u00d6zellikle sava\u015f\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7eken Beyaz Rus askerleri iyi maa\u015f alamad\u0131klar\u0131, at, cephane ve m\u00fchimmat\u0131n en kalitesiz olanlar\u0131n\u0131n onlara verilmesinden rahats\u0131zlard\u0131r.72 Ayr\u0131ca Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Umumi Valinin karde\u015fi \u00c7un \u015eu-hsin ve eski yaveri Ts\u2019ui \u00c7ao-\u00e7i bu durumu ekonomik ranta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Tah\u0131l piyasas\u0131n\u0131 ellerinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran bu ki\u015filer bu ortamda tah\u0131l\u0131 daha pahal\u0131ya satarak rant elde etmi\u015flerdir.73 Bu durum Chin Shu-jen\u2019in Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ve hatta hem\u015ferileri aras\u0131nda itibar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettirmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fgalcilerin Urum\u00e7i\u2019den uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 Beyaz Rus askerleri i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc durumu \u015fik\u00e2yet i\u00e7in Sovyetlerin yard\u0131ma gelen \u201cKuzeydo\u011fu Milli Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu\u201d yetkililerine Chin\u2019i \u015fik\u00e2yet ederler. Yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden olumlu yan\u0131t alan Beyaz Rus askerleri, 12 Nisan 1933 gecesi Chin\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 darbe giri\u015fiminde bulunur. \u0130ki y\u00fcz ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan Beyaz Rus askerleri \u015fehrin kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ve Chin\u2019in saray\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irir. \u0130ki y\u00fcz askerde \u015fehrin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Chin\u2019e \u00e7evreden gelebilecek yard\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenebilmek i\u00e7in yerle\u015ftirilir.74 Beyaz Rus askerlerinin bu darbe giri\u015fimi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olur ve Chin, \u00c7ava\u00e7ek yolundan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131r. Daha sonra demiryolu ile \u00c7in\u2019e d\u00f6ner.75 Liu Wen-lung76 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan genel valili\u011fine tayin edilir.77 Sheng Shih-tsai78 ise Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan y\u00f6netiminde en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc mevki olan Hudut Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine getirilir. B\u00f6ylece \u00fclkenin en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adam\u0131 konumuna \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131r.79<\/p>\n

Sheng Shih-tsai\u2019nin Hudut Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonras\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Umumi Valili\u011fine gelen Liu Wen-lung ile siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri ba\u015flar. Seng, Lui\u2019yi g\u00f6revinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak bu koltu\u011fa kendisi oturur. Seng\u2019in iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde durum olduk\u00e7a kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kt\u0131r. Ocak 1934 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki genel durumu \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebiliriz. Sheng, Urum\u00e7i\u2019de ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda, Ma Chung-ying\u2019e ba\u011fl\u0131 Tungan kuvvetleri Cungariya b\u00f6lgesine h\u00e2kim, Nanking ile Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan aras\u0131nda bulunan geni\u015f bir sahan\u0131n h\u00e2kimi \u201cBe\u015f Ma\u2019lar\u201d denilen Tungan kuvvetleri, \u0130li b\u00f6lgesinin h\u00e2kimiyeti Sheng\u2019i Urum\u00e7i\u2019de tehdit eden ve Tunganlarla i\u015f birli\u011fi i\u00e7inde bulunan Genaral \u00c7ang P\u2019ei-y\u00fcan\u2019\u0131n elinde, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyi ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eden Ka\u015fgar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin elindedir. Bu nedenler
\ndolay\u0131s\u0131yla Sheng, siyasi b\u00f6l\u00fcnmeler bir yana Nanking H\u00fck\u00fcmetine de g\u00fcvenmiyordu. Hatta Sheng, Nanking H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 darbe giri\u015fiminde bulundu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek Nanking H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi el\u00e7ileri tutuklat\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden merkezden yard\u0131m alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesinin karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle iyice k\u00f6\u015feye s\u0131k\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve yaln\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

5. Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Sheng Shih-tsai\u2019nin umumi valilik g\u00f6revine geldi\u011finde b\u00f6lgede bir taraftan Tunganlar\u0131n, di\u011fer taraftan ise Uygurlar\u0131n hakimiyeti Seng\u2019i zor durumda b\u0131rak\u0131r. 1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flayan Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve g\u00fcneye s\u0131\u00e7rayarak bir ba\u015fka ayaklanmay\u0131 tetiklemi\u015ftir. G\u00fcneye s\u0131\u00e7rayan Hoten ayaklanmas\u0131 sonucunda Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131nda aktif g\u00f6rev alan Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131 ile g\u00fcneydeki ayaklanman\u0131n lideri Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra ve arkada\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ili\u015fki kurulmu\u015f ve Ka\u015fgar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011frudan Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131, Ka\u015fgar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamasa da Chin Shujen\u2019in g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmesine ve isyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fcmesinin de etkisiyle g\u00fcneydeki Uygurlar cesaretlenmi\u015f ve ayaklanma sonucunda Ka\u015fgar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti kurmu\u015ftur denilebilir. Ancak bu devlet \u00e7ok uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmayacak ve Seng, Sovyetlerin deste\u011fi ve Uygurlar aras\u0131ndaki siyasi \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri de kullanarak devleti y\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1931 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fgali ile ba\u015flayan ayaklanma \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da etkili olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir\u00e7ok grubun y\u00f6netimi ele ge\u00e7irmesi i\u00e7in f\u0131rsata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Olaylar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f noktas\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir k\u0131za cinsel istismard\u0131r. Fakat bu olay belli bir s\u00fcre sonra b\u00f6lgede g\u00fc\u00e7ler sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle umumi valilerin b\u00f6lgede uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6netim modeli halk taraf\u0131ndan be\u011fenilmemi\u015f ve bu y\u00f6netimden kurtulman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte bu aray\u0131\u015flar asl\u0131nda bir araya gelmemesi gereken gruplar\u0131 bir araya getirmi\u015ftir. Bu da bize \u015funu g\u00f6steriyor ki Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan halk\u0131 y\u0131llardan beri huzur ve s\u00fck\u00fbnetten mahrum kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahrumiyet i\u00e7indeki Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki halk kendi topraklar\u0131nda huzursuzluklar, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar, y\u00fcksek vergiler, haks\u0131z tutuklamalar, i\u015fkenceler ve idamlar sebebiyle bu ayaklanmay\u0131 f\u0131rsata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrerek kendi \u00fclkelerinde kendi y\u00f6netimini olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in ayaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak bunu dahi f\u0131rsata d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrememi\u015flerdir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc zengin bir co\u011frafyaya sahip Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n bu kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n yerli halka yedirilemeyecek kadar k\u0131ymetli oldu\u011funu bilen \u00c7inliler ve Tunganlar, b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Uygur, Kazak ve K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131 kullanarak kendi y\u00f6netimlerini olu\u015fturmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak sonu\u00e7ta yine galip gelen \u00c7inliler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

A\u00e7\u0131klamalar:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1 \u00c7inli olan Chin Shu-jen\u2019in do\u011fum tarihi hakk\u0131nda bir bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Kansu \u015fehrinin Ho-\u00e7ou B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde
\nd\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015f ve e\u011fitimini de yine burada tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kansu Vil\u00e2yet Akademisinden \u00f6\u011fretmenlik yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nd\u00f6nemde Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n umumi valisi Yang Tseng-hsin\u2019in dikkatini \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde genel sekreterlik
\ng\u00f6revine getirmi\u015ftir. 1928 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yang Tseng-hsin\u2019in bir suikaste kurban gitmesinden sonra onun yerine umumi
\nvalilik g\u00f6revine gelmi\u015ftir. Esrar ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131, r\u00fc\u015fvet\u00e7i ve kabiliyetsiz bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fundan bahsedilmektedir.
\n1931\u2019da Kumul Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015f ve uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7inli g\u00f6\u00e7men siyaseti sebebiyle 1931\u2019de Kumul ayaklanmas\u0131
\npatlak vermi\u015ftir. Sadece T\u00fcrklerle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmakla kalmam\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131ca Mo\u011follarla da \u00e7eki\u015fme i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir. Tungan
\nMa Chung-ying\u2019in Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda 12 Nisan 1933\u2019te, darbeyle h\u00fck\u00fcmetten indirilmi\u015ftir. Chin Shujen, Urum\u00e7i\u2019den \u00c7in\u2019e ka\u00e7t\u0131ktan sonra Sovyetler Birli\u011fiyle me\u015fru olmayan bir anla\u015fma imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7undan
\nyarg\u0131lanarak 3,5 sene hapis cezas\u0131na \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ama 6 ay sonra muhtemelen r\u00fc\u015fvet vererek serbest kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nDaha sonra memleketi olan Kansu\u2019ya d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ak\u0131betinin ne oldu\u011fu bilinmemektedir. Bkz. Andrew D.W.
\nForbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri (Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n 1911-1949 Aras\u0131 Siyasi Tarihi), \u00e7ev. Enver Can,
\n(M\u00fcnih: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1990), 442-443.
\n2 Aslen \u00c7inli olan Yang Tseng-hsin, 1867 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yunnan vil\u00e2yetinin Meng-tzu B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir.
\n1899\u2019da \u00c7in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00fcnyesinde kamu hizmetine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1908\u2019de Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da g\u00f6revlendirilinceye
\nkadara Kansu ve Ningsia B\u00f6lgelerinde Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ilk
\n\u00f6nce Aksu Valili\u011fi g\u00f6revini yerine getirmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda Urum\u00e7i Valili\u011fi g\u00f6revine getirilmi\u015f ve
\n1912 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n mart ay\u0131nda Y\u00fcan Ta-hua\u2019dan sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan umumi valisi olmu\u015ftur. Kuomintang y\u00f6netimi
\nayn\u0131 y\u0131l bu g\u00f6revini onaylanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1928\u2019de Fan Yao-nan taraf\u0131ndan u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 suikast sonucunda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\nBkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 472.
\n3 Mildred Cable ve Francesca French, The Gobi Desert, (London: Hodder And Stoughton Limited, 1934), 219;
\nLars-Erik Nyman, Great Britian and Chinese, Russian and Japanese Interest in Xinjiang, 1918-1934, (Malm\u00f6:
\nEsselte Studium, 1977), 80; Georges Le F\u00e9vre, An Eastern Odyssey, (Boston: Little, Brown, And Company,
\n1935), 260-261.
\n4 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 64.
\n5 Sven Hedin, Big Horse\u2019s Flight The Trail of War in Central Asia, (London: MacMillan And Co. Ltd., 1936),
\n171.<\/p>\n

6 F\u00e9vre, An Eastern Odyssey, 173; Sven Hedin, History Of The Expedition In Asia (1927-1935), (Stockholm:
\nElanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag, 1943), 2: 202; Nyman, Great Britian and Chinese, 80.
\n7 Hedin, History Of The Expedition In Asia (1927-1935), 202.
\n8 Owen Lattimore, Pivot of Asia: Xinjiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China, (Boston: Little, Brown and
\nCompany,1950), 66; Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 66.
\n9 Lattimore, Pivot of Asia, 66; Nyman, Great Britian and Chinese, 81.
\n10 Lattimore, Pivot of Asia, 66; Hedin, History Of The Expedition In Asia (1927-1935), 202.
\n11 Georg Vasel, My Russian Jailers in China, (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1937), 97; Sven Hedin, Across The Gobi
\nDesert, (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1931), 348; Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 68.
\n12 F\u00e9vre, An Eastern Odyssey, 253-268.<\/p>\n

13 Hedin, Big Horse\u2019s Flight The Trail of War in Central Asia, 3.
\n14 Cable ve French, The Gobi Desert, 220.
\n15 Hedin, History Of The Expedition In Asia (1927-1935), 2: 255; Albert Von Le Coq, Burled Treasures of Chinese
\nT\u00fcrkistan, (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1928), 150.
\n16 Colonel R. C. F. Schomberg, \u201cHami or Komul\u201d, JRCAS 16\/1, (1929), 91.
\n17 C. G. Mannerheim, Across Asia, (Oosterhout: Nederlands, 1969), 380-385; Cable ve French, The Gobi Desert,
\n220-221.
\n18 Schomberg, \u201cHami or Komul\u201d, 92.
\n19 Fook-lam Gilbert Chan, \u201cThe Road to Power: Sheng Shih-ts\u2019ai\u2019s Early Years in Sinkiang (1930-34)\u201d, Journal
\nof Oriental Studies VII, (1969), 234.<\/p>\n

20 Schomberg, \u201cHami or Komul\u201d, 93.
\n21 Uygur as\u0131ll\u0131 ve do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen N\u00e2s\u0131r, Kumul Han\u0131 Maksud \u015eah\u2019\u0131n o\u011fludur. Babas\u0131 Maksut \u015eah\u2019\u0131n
\n\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Kumul\u2019a d\u00f6nmesi yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Chin Shu-jen taraf\u0131ndan Urum\u00e7i\u2019de siyasi tutuklu olarak
\ng\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda tutulmu\u015ftur. Chin taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 muhtemeldir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki
\nHarp Beyleri, 462.
\n22 Uygur as\u0131ll\u0131 olan Yolbars Han, 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde bulunan Ka\u015fgar\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 Yenihisar\u2019da
\nd\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. 15 ya\u015f\u0131nda Kumul Han\u0131 Muhammed taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fe al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra 1908\u2019de Kumul
\nHanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en Maksud \u015eah\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda m\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131k g\u00f6revini yerine getirmi\u015ftir. 1922\u2019de Han unvan\u0131n\u0131
\nalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1931\u2019de Chin Shu-jen\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flat\u0131lan ihtil\u00e2lde bulunmu\u015ftur. Belki i\u00e7inde \u00c7in d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olsa da
\nbunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edememi\u015ftir. \u00c7in\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmi\u015fse de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Devleti\u2019nin
\nkurulmas\u0131 gibi bir fikri yoktur. 1937\u2019de Nanking\u2019e ka\u00e7t\u0131ktan sonra 1946 y\u0131l\u0131nda tekrar Kumul\u2019a geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\nKuomintang taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6revlere getirilmi\u015ftir. Fakat \u00c7in Kom\u00fcnist Partisine teslim olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tibet\u2019e
\nka\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman olan 1950-1951 k\u0131\u015f aylar\u0131nda \u00c7inli kom\u00fcnistlere kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra Tayvan\u2019a
\nyerle\u015fmi\u015f ve buradaki \u00c7in y\u00f6netimi, 1951 May\u0131s ay\u0131nda Yolbars Han\u2019\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n (d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan) umumi
\nvalili\u011fi g\u00f6revine getirmi\u015ftir. Yolbars Han\u2019\u0131n ilk e\u015fi Tibet\u2019e ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015ftir. Yolbars Han, Tayvan\u2019a
\nka\u00e7t\u0131ktan sonra orada 19 ya\u015f\u0131nda bir k\u0131zla evlilik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk e\u015finden iki o\u011flu vard\u0131r. Yolbars Han o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n
\nbirine Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n XIX. as\u0131rdaki lideri Yakub Be\u011f\u2019in ismini di\u011ferine de kendi m\u00fcttefiki Hoca Niyaz
\nHac\u0131\u2019ya atfen Niyaz ismini vermi\u015ftir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 472-473.
\n23 Wu Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, (London: Methuen, 1940), 62.
\n24 \u00d6mer Kul, Osman Batur ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelesi (1911-1955), (Doktora Tezi, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi,
\n2009), 59.
\n25 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 63.
\n26 Chan, \u201cThe Road to Power: Sheng Shih-ts\u2019ai\u2019s Early Years in Sinkiang (1930-34)\u201d, 234.
\n27 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 81.
\n28 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 63.<\/p>\n

29 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 83.
\n30 Badruddin Wee-liang Hai, Muslim Minority in China, (MA thesis, Columbia University, 1956), 101-102.
\n31 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 66; Lattimore, Pivot of Asia, 69.
\n32 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 66.
\n33 \u0130sa Yusuf Alptekin, Esir Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130\u00e7in-1 (\u0130sa Yusuf Alptekin\u2019in M\u00fccadele Hat\u0131ralar\u0131), haz. \u00d6mer Kul
\n(Ankara: Berikan, 2010), 279
\n34 Uygur as\u0131ll\u0131 olan ancak do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen Hoca Niyaz Hac\u0131, Kumul B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir.
\nKumul ayaklanmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 Yolbars Hanla birlikte Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusunda ihtil\u00e2lcilerin \u00f6nderli\u011finin
\nyapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ihtil\u00e2lin ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00c7inli Tungan Ma Chung-ying ile i\u015f birli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak daha sonra
\nMa Chung-ying ile anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce Sheng Shih-tsai ile anla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1933\u2019te kurulan Ka\u015fgar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan
\nCumhuriyeti\u2019nde Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131k g\u00f6revini yerine getirmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1934\u2019te sonra Sheng Shih-tsai ile
\nanla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu devletin la\u011fvedilmesini savunmu\u015ftur. Sheng Shih-tsai\u2019yin kurdu\u011fu h\u00fck\u00fcmette Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan
\nUm\u00fbmi Vali Yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine getirilmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu makamda olsa da yetkileri olmayan bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet
\neleman\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 1937\u2019de ba\u015flayan isyandan sonra Sheng Shih-tsai taraf\u0131ndan Urum\u00e7i\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bkz.
\nForbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 462.
\n35 Cable ve French, The Gobi Desert, 221.
\n36 Cable ve French, The Gobi Desert, 247.
\n37 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 66.
\n38 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 66.<\/p>\n

39 Hedin, History Of The Expedition In Asia (1927-1935), 227 Dip. 1.
\n40 \u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan olan Ma Chung-ying, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kansu vil\u00e2yetine ba\u011fl\u0131 Ho-\u00e7ou B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde d\u00fcnyaya
\ngelmi\u015ftir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Tunganlardan ve bu b\u00f6lgede \u201cBe\u015f Ma\u201d olarak bilinen Harp Beylerinin soyundand\u0131r. \u00c7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck
\nbir ya\u015fta, tahminen 14 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken, 1924 y\u0131l\u0131nda askerlik yapmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Feng Y\u00fc-hsiang\u2019\u0131n \u201cKuomin\u00e7\u00fcn\u201d
\nbirliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmi\u015ftir. 1929 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nanking\u2019de Harp Akademisinde okumu\u015ftur. 1931\u2019de ba\u015flayan
\nKumul ayaklanmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ancak Kumul\u2019u alamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda
\naya\u011f\u0131ndan yaralanarak geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra T\u00fcrklerin kendisinden yard\u0131m istemesi sebebiyle 1933\u2019te
\nDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a yeniden sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015fsa da bu kez de Sovyet Birli\u011fi\u2019nin bu sava\u015fa m\u00fcdahale etmesi sebebiyle Do\u011fu
\nT\u00fcrkistan\u2019da istedi\u011fi h\u00e2kimyetli\u011fi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirememi\u015ftir. 1933 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne \u00e7ekilmi\u015f ancak
\nsebebi tam olarak bilinmeyen bir gerek\u00e7e ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ne teslim olmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra Stalin taraf\u0131ndan
\nidam edilmi\u015f olma ihtimali y\u00fcksektir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 455.
\n41 Cable ve French, The Gobi Desert, 234.
\n42 F\u00e9vre, An Eastern Odyssey, 140-141; Cable ve French, The Gobi Desert, 235-236.
\n43 Ali Hekim, Hamdullah Muhammed Tar\u0131m\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkistan Tarihi-T\u00fcrkistan 1931-1937 \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2p Tarihi Adl\u0131 Eserinin
\nTenkitli Transkripsiyonu, (Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, 2015), 31.
\n44 W. Petro, \u201cMongolia, Kansu and Sinkiang as Seen by a Member of the Haardt-Citroen Expedition\u201d, JRCAS
\n20\/2, (1933), 205-219.
\n45 Petro, \u201cMongolia, Kansu and Sinkiang as Seen by a Member of the Haardt-Citroen Expedition\u201d, 215.<\/p>\n

46 F\u00e9vre, An Eastern Odyssey, 244; W. Petro, Triple Commission, (London: John Murray: 1968), 129.
\n47 F\u00e9vre, An Eastern Odyssey, 242.
\n48 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 124.
\n49 Owen Lattimore, \u201cChinese Turkestan or Sinkiang\u201d, The China Year Book, (Shanghai: Yay\u0131nevi Yok, 1935), 43.
\n50 \u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarda olan ve do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen Ma \u015eih-ming, Kansu\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. Ma
\n\u015eih-ming, Ma Chung-ying\u2019in ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ma Chung-ying\u2019in 1931 Haziran ay\u0131nda Yolbars
\nHan\u2019la ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yemekli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede Ma \u015eih-ming\u2019de bulunmu\u015ftur. Tunganlar\u0131n 1931\u2019de Kumul\u2019a yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nilk sald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ma Chung-ying\u2019in yaralan\u0131p Kansu\u2019ya d\u00f6nmesinden sonra Turfan
\nyak\u0131nlar\u0131nda bulunan Tungan birliklerinin ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Ak\u0131beti bilinmemektedir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu
\nT\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 458.
\n51 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 58-59.
\n52 \u00c7inli M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlardan olan ve do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen Ma Fu-ming, Chin Shu-jen\u2019in emri ile Turfan garnizon
\nkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine getirilmi\u015ftir. 1932 Sonbahar\u0131nda saf de\u011fi\u015ftirerek Ma Chung-ying\u2019in taraf\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.
\nKumul halk\u0131na bask\u0131 ve zul\u00fcm yapan \u00c7inli subay Hsiang Fa-y\u00fc\u2019y\u00fc 1932-1933 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yakalayarak idam etmi\u015ftir.
\nDaha sonra Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyine gitti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 456.
\n53 Fook-lam Gilbert Chan, Sinkiang Under Sheng Shih-tsai, 1933-44, (MA thesis, University of Hong Kong, 1965),
\n68-69; Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 71-72.<\/p>\n

54 Olaf Caroe, Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism, (New York: Macmillan, 1967), 180-188.
\n55 \u0130d Mirab, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n 1932\u2019de Tanr\u0131 da\u011flar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayaklanman\u0131n lideridir. Bu ayaklanma, Sovyetler ve
\n\u00c7inlilerin asker\u00ee i\u015f birli\u011fiyle bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130d Mirab\u2019\u0131n ak\u0131beti bilinmemektedir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki
\nHarp Beyleri, 447.
\n56 Uygur as\u0131ll\u0131 olan ve do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen Timur Beg, Ku\u00e7a\u2019da d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kumul
\nayaklanmas\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve liderlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nceleri Ma Chung-ying ile ortak hareket etmi\u015fse de daha sonra
\ntaraf de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. A\u011fustos 1933\u2019te Ka\u015fgar\u2019da Ma Chung-ying\u2019in birlikleri taraf\u0131ndan yakalanarak idam
\nedilmi\u015ftir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 469.
\n57 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 240-241.
\n58 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 132.<\/p>\n

59 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 141.
\n60 K\u0131rg\u0131z as\u0131ll\u0131 olan ve 1903 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fan Osman Ali, 1933-1934\u2019te Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ba\u015flat\u0131lan ayaklanmada K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n
\nliderli\u011fini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ka\u015fgar\u2019da hapsedilmi\u015f ve 1933\u2019te Ma \u015eao-vu taraf\u0131ndan serbest b\u0131rak\u0131larak K\u0131rg\u0131z askerlerinin
\nba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir. Onun komutas\u0131ndaki K\u0131rg\u0131z askerleri daha sonra isyan etmi\u015flerdir. \u0130ngiliz Ba\u015fkonsolosu
\nFitzmaurice, onun esrarke\u015f biri oldu\u011funu ancak Osman Ali\u2019nin \u201cGen\u00e7 Ka\u015fgar Partisi\u201d veya \u201cHoten Emirleri\u201d
\nile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir. Ka\u015fgar\u2019da yakalanarak 1935\u2019te Urum\u00e7i\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve Sheng Shih-tsai\u2019yin
\nemriyle idam edilmi\u015ftir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 470.
\n61 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 143-145.<\/p>\n

62 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 147.
\n63 Mehmet Emin Bu\u011fra, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n H\u00fcrriyet Davas\u0131 ve \u00c7in Siyaseti, (\u0130stanbul: Osmanbey Matbaas\u0131, 1954),
\n30; Nyman, Great Britian and Chinese, 105; Baymirza Hayit, T\u00fcrkistan Rusya ile \u00c7in Aras\u0131nda, (\u0130stanbul: Ota\u011f
\nYay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1975), 310.
\n64 Uygur as\u0131ll\u0131 olan ve do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen Sabit Damolla, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n Gulca \u015fehrinde d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir.
\nGulca\u2019da \u00f6\u011fretmenlik ve kad\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6revlerinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, T\u00fcrkiye, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Hindistan\u2019da
\ndola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Sovyet aleyhtar\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7isi olarak bilinen Sabit Damolla, 1933\u2019te Hoten\u2019de Mill\u00ee
\n\u0130htil\u00e2l Komitesi\u2019ne kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1933-1934\u2019te Ka\u015fgar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde Ba\u015fbakan olarak g\u00f6rev
\nyapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1934 y\u0131l\u0131nda Aksu\u2019da Sheng Shih-tsai\u2019yin emriyle as\u0131larak idam edilmi\u015ftir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu
\nT\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 434.
\n65 Bu\u011fra, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n H\u00fcrriyet Davas\u0131 ve \u00c7in Siyaseti, 30.
\n66 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 158.
\n67 Lattimore, Pivot of Asia, 124.
\n68 K\u0131rg\u0131z as\u0131ll\u0131 olan ve do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen Canip Beg, Basmac\u0131l\u0131k Hareketi i\u00e7ine bulunmu\u015f bir ki\u015fidir. Do\u011fu
\nT\u00fcrkistan\u2019a geldikten sonra Sovyetlerin iste\u011fi \u00fczerine Canip Beg\u2019i Ma \u015eao-vu yakalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra 1931
\ny\u0131l\u0131nda Karia Havzas\u0131na s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. 1933 ayaklanmas\u0131nda Hoten Emirleriyle beraber hareket eden
\nCanip Beg, 1000 kadar Hotenli askerlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gitmi\u015ftir. Ka\u015fgar\u2019da bulunan Sovyet Ba\u015fkonsolosunun
\ndirektifleriyle Timur Beg taraf\u0131ndan yakalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Sovyet d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 olan ve Sovyetlerdeki basmac\u0131l\u0131k m\u00fccadelesine
\nkat\u0131lan Canip Beg, daha sonra Afganistan\u2019a ka\u00e7mak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ak\u0131betinin ne oldu\u011fu bilinmemektedir.
\nBkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 448.
\n69 (Chinese Turkestan Revolt: New Rebel Leader\u2019s Intervention, 1933; Shah, agm., 1934, s. 671-672).<\/p>\n

70 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 159.
\n71 Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 183.
\n72 Hedin, Big Horse\u2019s Flight The Trail of War in Central Asia, 8-9.
\n73 Hedin, Big Horse\u2019s Flight The Trail of War in Central Asia, 8; Howard L. Boorman ve Richard C. Howard,
\nBiographical Dictionary of Republican China, (New York: Columbia UP, 1967), 1: 382.
\n74 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 100-118.
\n75 George Hogg, I See a New China, (London: Victor Gollancz, 1945), 118-119.
\n76 \u00c7inli olan ve do\u011fum tarihi bilinmeyen Liu Wen-lung, Chin Shu-jen h\u00fck\u00fcmetinde Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine
\ngetirilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra Sheng Shih-tsai\u2019nin tam olarak iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iremedi\u011fi o k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemde 1933\u2019te Do\u011fu
\nT\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n s\u00f6zde umumi valisi olmu\u015ftur. K\u0131sa s\u00fcren bu ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1 A\u011fustos 1933\u2019te Nanking H\u00fck\u00fcmeti
\nnezdinde kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015fse de Sheng Shih-tsai taraf\u0131ndan 1933 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda g\u00f6revden zorlama sonucu al\u0131narak
\nyerine Sheng Shih-tsai\u2019nin daha rahat etkisi edebilece\u011fine inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha uysal bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olan Chu Jui-hsi
\ngetirilmi\u015ftir. Ak\u0131beti bilinmemektedir. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 453.<\/p>\n

77 Ai-chen, Turkistan Tumult, 109; Chan, \u201cThe Road to Power: Sheng Shih-ts\u2019ai\u2019s Early Years in Sinkiang (1930-
\n34)\u201d, 241.
\n78 \u00c7inli olan ve 1895 y\u0131l\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya gelen Sheng Shih-tsai, \u00c7in\u2019in kuzeydo\u011fusunda bulunan Liaoning b\u00f6lgesinde
\nd\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir. 4 May\u0131s Harek\u00e2t\u0131na kat\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce Japonya\u2019da okumu\u015ftur. Kuo Sung-ling\u2019in ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nisyan\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Japonya\u2019ya d\u00f6nerek 1927\u2019ye kadar tahsiline burada devam ettirmi\u015ftir.
\n1927\u2019de Chang Kai-shek\u2019in kara kuvvetleri kararg\u00e2h\u0131nda kurmay subay\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015f ve \u201cKuzey
\n(Depedition) Harek\u00e2t\u0131nda\u201d g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1929 sonlar\u0131nda veya 1930 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Chin Shu-jen\u2019in talebi \u00fczerine
\nDo\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019a gelmi\u015ftir. 1931-1934 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Ma Chung-ying\u2019in Tungan kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nNisan 1933\u2019te Chin Shu-jen\u2019in yerine fiilen Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olarak i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1933\u2019den
\n1944\u2019e kadar bu g\u00f6revi yerine getirdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemde \u00e7o\u011fu zaman Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin kuklas\u0131 h\u00e2linde gelmi\u015ftir.
\nAsker\u00ee diktat\u00f6r olarak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da umumi valilik g\u00f6revini yapan Sheng Shih-tsai, 1944\u2019te Kuomintang
\nPartisi taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revden al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra 1949\u2019da Kuomintang Partisi\u2019yle birlikte Tayvan\u2019a gitmi\u015ftir. Burada
\ne\u015fi \u00c7iu Y\u00fc-fang ile refah i\u00e7inde bir emeklilik ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bkz. Forbes, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri, 466-
\n467.
\n79 Chan, \u201cThe Road to Power: Sheng Shih-ts\u2019ai\u2019s Early Years in Sinkiang (1930-34)\u201d, 242.<\/p>\n

Kaynaklar\/References<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alptekin, \u0130sa Yusuf, Esir Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan \u0130\u00e7in-1 (\u0130sa Yusuf Alptekin\u2019in M\u00fccadele Hat\u0131ralar\u0131). Haz\u0131rlayan \u00d6mer
\nKul. Ankara: Berikan, 2010.
\nAi-chen, Wu, Turkistan Tumult, London: Methuen, 1940.
\nBoorman Howard L. ve Richard C. Howard, Biographical Dictionary of Republican China. 1. cilt. New York:
\nColumbia UP, 1967.
\nBu\u011fra, Mehmet Emin, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n H\u00fcrriyet Davas\u0131 ve \u00c7in Siyaseti, \u0130stanbul: Osmanbey Matbaas\u0131, 1954.
\nCable, Mildred ve Francesca French, The Gobi Desert, London: Hodder And Stoughton Limited, 1934.
\nCaroe, Olaf, Soviet Empire: The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism, New York: Macmillan, 1967.
\nChan, Fook-lam Gilbert, \u201cSinkiang Under Sheng Shih-tsai (1933-44)\u201d, MA thesis, University of Hong Kong, 1965.
\nChan, Fook-lam Gilbert, \u201cThe Road to Power: Sheng Shih-ts\u2019ai\u2019s Early Years in Sinkiang (1930-34)\u201d, Journal
\nof Oriental Studies VII (1969): 224-260.<\/p>\n

Coq, Albert Von Le, Burled Treasures of Chinese T\u00fcrkistan, London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1928.
\nF\u00e9vre, Georges Le, An Eastern Odyssey, Boston: Little, Brown, And Company, 1935
\nForbes, Andrew D. W., Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Harp Beyleri (Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n 1911-1949 Aras\u0131 Siyasi Tarihi).
\n\u00c7eviren Enver Can. M\u00fcnih: Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1990.
\nHai, Badruddin Wee-liang, \u201cMuslim Minority in China\u201d, MA thesis, Columbia University, 1956.
\nHayit, Baymirza, T\u00fcrkistan: Rusya \u0130le \u00c7in Aras\u0131nda, \u0130stanbul: Ota\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1975.
\nHedin, Sven, Across The Gobi Desert, London: George Routledge & Sons, 1933.
\nHedin, Sven, Big Horse\u2019s Flight The Trail of War in Central Asia, London: MacMillan And Co. Ltd., 1936.
\nHedin, Sven, History of the Expedition in Asia, 1927-1935. II. Cilt. Stockholm: Elanders Boktryckeri Aktiebolag,
\n1945.
\nHekim, Ali, \u201cHamdullah Muhammed Tar\u0131m\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrkistan Tarihi-T\u00fcrkistan 1931-1937 \u0130nk\u0131l\u00e2p Tarihi Adl\u0131
\nEserinin Tenkitli Transkripsiyonu\u201d, (Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, 2015).
\nHogg, George, I See a New China, London: Victor Gollancz, 1945.
\nKul, \u00d6mer, \u201cOsman Batur ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Mill\u00ee M\u00fccadelesi (1911-1955)\u201d, Doktora Tezi, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi,
\n2009.
\nLattimore, Owen, \u201cChinese Turkestan or Sinkiang\u201d, The China Year Book i\u00e7inde, 36-44. Shanghai: Yay\u0131nevi
\nYok, 1935.
\nLattimore, Owen, Pivot of Asia: Xinjiang and the Inner Asian Frontiers of China, Boston: Little, Brown and
\nCompany, 1950.
\nMannerheim, C. G., Across Asia, Oosterhout: Nederlands, 1969.
\nNyman, Lars Erik, Great Britian and Chinese, Russian and Japanese Interest in Xinjiang 1918-1934, Malm\u00f6:
\nEsselte Studium, 1977.
\nPetro, W. \u201cMongolia, Kansu and Sinkiang as Seen by a Member of the Haardt-Citroen Expedition\u201d. JRCAS
\nXX\/2, (1933): 205-219.
\nPetro, W., Triple Commission, London: John Murray, 1968.
\nSchomberg, Colonel R. C. F., \u201cHami or Komul\u201d, JRCAS XVI\/1, (1929): 90-93.
\nVasel, Georg, My Russian Jailers in China, London: Hurst & Blackett, 1937.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Do\u00e7. Dr. Tekin TUNCER \u00d6zet Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan tarih boyunca bir\u00e7ok i\u015fgale ve irili ufakl\u0131 bir\u00e7ok ayaklanmaya sahne olmu\u015f bir co\u011frafyad\u0131r. 1911 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in\u2019de ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 m\u00fccadeleler sonucunda Qing Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu durumdan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da etkilenmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6netim de\u011fi\u015fimi sonras\u0131 Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan, umumi valiler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f ve merkezi bir otorite taraf\u0131ndan denetlenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in de […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4004","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4004","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=4004"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4004\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4068,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4004\/revisions\/4068"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=4004"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=4004"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=4004"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}