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\u00d6zet<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde \u0130li merkezli Cungarya Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulurken, g\u00fcneyinde ise Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar ve Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar olmak \u00fczere iki Hocalar g\u00fcruhu birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131yas\u0131ya m\u00fccadele ediyordu. Yarkent Han\u0131 \u0130smail Han taraf\u0131ndan saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lan Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n din\u00ee lideri Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m talep etmesi \u00fczerine Cungarlar\u0131n, \u2018K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Buhara\u2019 olarak da bilenen Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmelerinin yolu a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada \u00f6nce Kumul\u2019u ard\u0131ndan da Turfan\u2019\u0131 Cungarlar\u0131n elinden almay\u0131 ba\u015faran Man\u00e7ular da, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda varl\u0131k g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1755 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cungarya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Man\u00e7ular, Cungarlar\u0131n izledikleri politikay\u0131 uygulayarak Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyine do\u011fru hareket etme karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar ve 1759 y\u0131l\u0131nda Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ilk istil\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Aralar\u0131ndaki bitmek bilmeyen cid\u00e2l ve kavgalar Hocalar\u0131, vatanlar\u0131n\u0131 istil\u00e2ya ba\u015flayan Cungarlara ve de Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 birlikte kar\u015f\u0131 koymaktan al\u0131koydu.<\/p>\n Tarih 1635 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterirken, Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 co\u011frafi olarak ikiye ay\u0131ran Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde Cungarya Havzas\u0131nda (Altay Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyi ve Gobi \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131) \u0130li merkezli Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Oyrat Devleti) kuruldu ve O s\u0131ralar Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131nda Yarkent\u2019i merkez eden Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Hocalar m\u00fccadelesi iyice k\u0131z\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hocalar g\u00fcruhu Yarkent merkezli Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar ve Ka\u015fgar merkezli Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar olmak \u00fczere iki cepheye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Ekonomik ve sosyo-politik konumlar\u0131 giderek g\u00fc\u00e7 kazanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Sadece din\u00ee y\u00f6nden s\u00f6z sahibi olmalar\u0131 k\u00e2fi gelmedi. Y\u00f6netim \u00fczerindeki etkilerinin artmas\u0131yla beraber, siyasi cihetten s\u00f6z sahibi olma hevesleri de olduk\u00e7a kabard\u0131. G\u00fc\u00e7leri artt\u0131k\u00e7a birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 adeta has\u0131m oldular. Neticede muhas\u0131m iki kamp\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz oldu. Art\u0131k neredeyse sonu hi\u00e7 gelmek bilmeyen taht kavgalar\u0131 ve i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler neticesinde Hocalar, sadece Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sonunun gelmesine zemin haz\u0131rlamakla da kalmad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Man\u00e7ular\u0131n istil\u00e2s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tek bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak m\u00fccadele etmeyi de ba\u015faramad\u0131lar.2<\/p>\n Cid\u00e2l ve kavgalar\u0131n galibi Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar oldu. Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda olan \u0130smail Han (1670-1678), Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 destekledi. Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc tamamen k\u0131rmak istedi ve bunun i\u00e7in pek \u00e7ok te\u015febb\u00fcste bulundu. 1677 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n din\u00ee lideri Apak Hoca\u2019y\u0131 Ka\u015fgar\u2019dan kovdu. \u00dclkeyi terk etmek zorun da kalan Apak Hoca, \u00f6nce Ke\u015fmir\u2019e oradan da Tibet\u2019e ge\u00e7erek Dalay Lama\u2019dan yard\u0131m talep etti. \u00c7ok iyi kar\u015f\u0131layan Dalay Lama, Tibet\u2019ten Ka\u015fgar\u2019a asker g\u00f6ndermenin zor oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek, bir mektup ile Apak Hoca\u2019y\u0131 1676 y\u0131l\u0131nda tahta oturan Cungar Han\u0131 Galdan Bo\u015fgot Han\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi. Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n kendi aya\u011f\u0131na kadar gelmesi, Galdan i\u00e7in ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131. \u2018K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Buhara\u2019 olarak da bilinen Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in hareket etmede gecikmedi.<\/p>\n Galdan Bo\u015fgot Han s\u00fcvari birli\u011fine komuta ederek 1678 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar topraklar\u0131na ayak bast\u0131. Babak Sultan Ka\u015fgar\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Yarkent\u2019te \u0130smail Han t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131 koydu; fakat Galdan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 fazla dayanamad\u0131. Galdan 1678 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n din\u00ee lideri Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n tahta oturmas\u0131yla beraber Hocalar devri (1678-1759) ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f oldu. Fakat Dalai Lama\u2019dan yard\u0131m talep ederek Cungarlar\u0131n h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na girmesinden dolay\u0131 Apak Hoca\u2019ya Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin fi tilini ate\u015fledi. \u015eiddet ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma eylemlerini de beraberinde getirdi. 1693 y\u0131l\u0131nda Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n kar\u0131s\u0131 Han\u0131m Padi\u015fah4, o\u011flu Mehdi\u2019yi tahta oturtmak istedi ve Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer han\u0131m\u0131ndan olan o\u011flu Yahya Han\u2019\u0131 suikastla \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu hadise Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden alt\u0131 ay sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Di\u011fer iki o\u011flunu da \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc. Bundan dolay\u0131 Han\u0131m Padi\u015fah\u2019a \u2018Cellat Han\u0131m\u2019 ismi verildi. Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n Hakimi Seyyid Beg k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilerek yerine Molla Saki getirildi. Han\u0131m Padi\u015fah, Yahya Hoca\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden alt\u0131 ay sonra \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar vaziyetten istifade etmek istediler ve hemen \u0130smail Han\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi Akba\u015f\u2019\u0131 Yarkent\u2019te alenen Han ilan ettiler. Bine yak\u0131n ki\u015fi katledildi. Akba\u015f, Danial Hoca\u2019y\u0131 Hocent\u2019ten Yarkent\u2019e geri \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. Uzun zaman 1697 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cungar Han\u0131 Galdan Bo\u015fgot Han \u00f6ld\u00fc. Onun yerine ge\u00e7en Tsevang Rabdan (1697-1727) f\u0131rsat\u0131 ganimet bilerek, \u00e7ok say\u0131da asker ile beraber Yarkent\u2019e geldi. Ne var ki Danial Hoca sava\u015fmak yerine Cungarlara ink\u0131yad etti. Bu meyanda Cungar Han\u0131 Tsevang Rabdan\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan, Cungarlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Galdantseren (1727-1745) ge\u00e7ti. Cungarlar art\u0131k gittik\u00e7e g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 1753 y\u0131l\u0131nda Danial Hoca \u00f6l\u00fcnce, Tar\u0131m Havzas\u0131\u2019nda Y\u0131llard\u0131r devam eden taht kavgalar\u0131 Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Bu durum 1745 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cungar Han\u0131 Galdantseren\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle birlikte daha da a\u00e7\u0131k hale geldi. 1749 y\u0131l\u0131nda Lamadroj Cungar Han\u0131 oldu; fakat Amarsana ile Davaatsi isyan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ektiler. Amarsana askerleri ile beraber saray\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131, Lamadroj \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Davaatsi tahta oturduktan sonra daha evvelden verdi\u011fi s\u00f6z\u00fc tutmayarak Amarsana\u2019ya gereken de\u011feri g\u00f6stermedi. Vaziyetten olduk\u00e7a rahats\u0131z olan Amarsana b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen sonu\u00e7 alamay\u0131nca, Man\u00e7ular\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Davaatsi\u2019yi tahttan indirmek istedi. 1754 y\u0131l\u0131nda Amarsana, Man\u00e7u \u0130mparatoru Qian-long (\u4e7e\u9686 1735-1795) taraf\u0131ndan Re-he\u2019da (\u70ed \u6cb3) kabul edildi. F\u0131rsat art\u0131k Man\u00e7ular\u0131n ayaklar\u0131na kadar gelmi\u015fti. Amarsana\u2019n\u0131n Man\u00e7ular, Cungarya\u2019ya iki koldan sald\u0131rmay\u0131 planlad\u0131lar. Evvela \u0130li\u2019yi zapt edeceklerdi. Askeri haz\u0131rl\u0131klara h\u0131z kesmeden devam ettiler. Cungarlar\u0131n umumi vaziyeti, askeri g\u00fcc\u00fc ve stratejik mevzileri hakk\u0131nda malumat edindiler. Davaatsi Han\u2019a muhalif g\u00fc\u00e7lerle irtibat kurdular. Son zamanlarda Oyratlara kar\u015f\u0131 pek \u00e7ok ma\u011flubiyet veren Man\u00e7ular, bu sefer nihai bir sonu\u00e7 almaya niyetli idiler. Man\u00e7u, Mo\u011fol ve \u00c7inli askerlerden m\u00fcte\u015fekkil b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu olu\u015fturan Man\u00e7u \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcmen askeri Altay\u2019a, iki t\u00fcmen askeri ise Bark\u00f6l\u2019e g\u00f6ndermeye karar Yap\u0131lan plana g\u00f6re \u015eubat 1755\u2019te Man\u00e7u ordusu iki cenahtan \u0130li\u2019ye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Kuzey yolu ordusu (\u5317\u8def\u519b) komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 General Ban-di (\u73ed\u7b2c)\u2019ye verildi; Amarsana ise muavin general r\u00fctbesiyle Ulastay\u2019dan yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ulungur Nehri, \u00c7ingil Nehri ve Elen G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019nden ge\u00e7erek B\u00f6rtala Nehri Vadisi\u2019ne do\u011fru ilerledi. Bat\u0131 yolu ordusu (\u897f\u8def\u519b) komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Shan-xi ve Gan-su Genel Valisi (\u603b\u776311) General Yong-chang (\u6c38\u5e38)\u2019a verilirken, Sa Lai-er (\u8428\u8d56\u5c14) ise muavin general r\u00fctbesiyle Bark\u00f6l-Urum\u00e7i yolundan hareket etti. O da her iki ordunun bulu\u015fma noktas\u0131 olan B\u00f6rtala Nehri Vadisi\u2019ne do\u011fru ilerledi. Yanlar\u0131na iki ay yetecek kadar erzak ald\u0131lar. Amarsana ile Sa Lai-er ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 biner asker ile beraber Davaatsi\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak \u00fczere \u00f6nc\u00fc birlik olarak g\u00f6nderildiler12.<\/p>\n Man\u00e7ular\u0131n kuzey ve bat\u0131 yol ordular\u0131 May\u0131s\u2019ta B\u00f6rtala\u2019da bulu\u015ftular. Herhangi bir mukavemet ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan binlerce kilometre ilerlediler. O kadar ki, Cungarlar s\u0131n\u0131ra bile asker konu\u015fland\u0131rmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 5 May\u0131s\u2019ta \u0130li\u2019ye vard\u0131lar. Cungar Han\u0131 Davaatsi Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmad\u0131, bilakis askerleri ile beraber geri \u00e7ekilmeyi tercih etti. Yine de Man\u00e7ular yedi bine yak\u0131n Cungar askerini esir ald\u0131. Davaatsi az say\u0131da asker ile beraber ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Bat\u0131ya de\u011fil g\u00fcney istikametine yani Ka\u015fgar\u2019a do\u011fru y\u00f6nelen Davaatsi, U\u00e7turfan\u2019a geldi\u011finde 16 Amarsana \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden ger\u00e7ekleri fark etti. Pekin\u2019e \u0130mparatorun aya\u011f\u0131na kadar gitmesi ona bir fayda getirmemi\u015fti. Man\u00e7ular\u0131n verdikleri s\u00f6z\u00fc tutarak onu Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na getirmeleri bir yana, Cungarya\u2019dan geri \u00e7ekilmeye niyetleri de hi\u00e7 yoktu. O art\u0131k Man\u00e7ular i\u00e7in vazifesini tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Amarsana\u2019y\u0131 \u0130mparatorun Re-he\u2019daki yazl\u0131k saray\u0131na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak tutuklamay\u0131 planlad\u0131lar. Kar\u015f\u0131 gelmesi durumunda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Amarsana ise Ulungur Nehri\u2019nden Tarbagatay\u2019a ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u013116.<\/p>\n Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131ndan sonra Amarsana Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 isyan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Cungar ahalisinden pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi isyana kat\u0131ld\u0131. Hemen \u0130li merkezli garnizona sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Ban-di ve E Rong-an (\u9102\u5bb9\u5b89) komutalar\u0131ndaki be\u015f y\u00fcze yak\u0131n Man\u00e7u askerinin hepsi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzey yolu art\u0131k Amarsana\u2019n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. Amarsana ise kendini Oyrat Han\u0131 ilan etti; fakat ihya \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc k\u0131sa olacakt\u0131. \u015eubat 1756 y\u0131l\u0131nda Man\u00e7u ordusu \u0130li\u2019ye sald\u0131rd\u0131. Amarsana kar\u015f\u0131 gelemeyip Kazaklara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131. Cungarya\u2019da Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 isyanlar durmak nedir bilmedi. General Zhao-hui (\u5146\u60e0) bin be\u015f y\u00fcz ki\u015filik ordusuyla beraber Bark\u00f6l\u2019e geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. Amarsana birka\u00e7 sefer Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenlese de, cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir sonu\u00e7 alamad\u0131. Taht kavgalar\u0131 Cungarlar aras\u0131nda tekrar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. F\u0131rsat\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131rmak istemeyen Man\u00e7ular, 1757 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cungarlar\u0131 ma\u011flup etmeyi ba\u015farabildiler17.<\/p>\n Zhao-hui ve Fu-de (\u5bcc\u5fb7) komutalar\u0131ndaki Man\u00e7u askerleri b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Amarsana\u2019y\u0131 yakalayamad\u0131lar. Haziran ay\u0131nda tekrar Kazaklara ka\u00e7an Amarsana, Rus hudutlar\u0131na kadar gelmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. 15 Eyl\u00fcl 1757 tarihinde Man\u00e7ular bu harek\u00e2tlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda adeta soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 aratmayacak bir bi\u00e7imde Cungarlar\u0131 katlettiler. Esir d\u00fc\u015fen yeti\u015fkin erkeklerin hepsi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Alt\u0131 y\u00fcz bini a\u015fk\u0131n n\u00fcfusun 3\/10\u2019\u00fc hi\u00e7 ac\u0131madan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilirken, 2\/10\u2019si ise bozk\u0131r\u0131n derinliklerine, Kazaklara ve Ruslara ka\u00e7arak canlar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarabildiler. \u00c7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klardan \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 ise 4\/10\u2019\u00fc buldu. Vah\u015fice yap\u0131lan katliamlardan sonra Cungarya\u2019da en fazla 1\/10\u2019i kadar n\u00fcfus kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylen di19. Molla Musa Sayrami, Man\u00e7ular\u0131n Cungarya\u2019da bir milyondan fazla insan\u0131 katletti\u011finden bahseder ki, Kuropatkin ve \u00c2t\u0131f\u2019\u0131n verdi\u011fi bilgiler de Sayrami\u2019yi do\u011frulamaktad\u0131r20.<\/p>\n 1755 ile 1758 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 Cungar isyanlar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmedi. Man\u00e7ular nihayetinde Cungarlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda galip geldiler. O s\u0131ralar Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyini yani Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerini zapt etmek isteyen Man\u00e7ular, ilk evvel Cungarlar\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderdikleri Han\u00a0ile Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019y\u0131 \u0130li\u2019ye getirdiler ve f\u0131rsat\u0131 ganimet bilerek hemen harekete ge\u00e7tiler. Zira onlar Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n din\u00ee lideri Hoca Ahmed\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131 idiler. Man\u00e7ular onlar\u0131 sembolik bir din\u00ee lider olarak kullanmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi21.<\/p>\n 1755 y\u0131l\u0131nda Man\u00e7ular, Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z h\u00e2kimiyetini ortadan kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019y\u0131 yedi bin ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan askeri birlik ile beraber Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyine g\u00f6nderdi. Han Hoca ise \u0130li\u2019de rehine olarak tutuldu. Ona K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Hoca, a\u011fabeyi Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019ya ise B\u00fcy\u00fck Hoca denirdi. Aksu\u2019dan sonra Ku\u00e7ar\u2019\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi de kolay oldu. Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fimdi Ka\u015fgar vard\u0131. Cungarlara kar\u015f\u0131 istiklalini ilan eden Yusuf Hoca, Ka\u015fgar\u2019da Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fa haz\u0131rland\u0131, esas\u0131nda Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015facakt\u0131; fakat k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra 1756 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yusuf Hoca \u00f6ld\u00fc23. Yerine ge\u00e7en Abdullah Hoca haz\u0131rl\u0131klara devam etti. Ka\u015fgar, Yeni-hisar, Yarkent, Hotan vs. \u015fehirlerden asker toplayarak U\u00e7turfan\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131 kaybeden Abdullah Hoca, U\u00e7turfan\u2019dan Ka\u015fgar\u2019a geri \u00e7ekildi. Bu esnada Abdullah Hoca\u2019n\u0131n askerleri aras\u0131nda fi tne \u00e7\u0131karmak, K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131 Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmamalar\u0131 konusunda ikna etmek hususlar\u0131nda Abdul Mecid \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir rol oynad\u0131. K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na eri\u015fen Burhaneddin Hoca, Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeyi de ba\u015fard\u0131. Abdullah Hoca adamlar\u0131 ile beraber Yarkent\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar ile Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcredir bitmek bilmeyen husumet ve kavgalara, Ka\u015fgar bir daha sahne oldu.<\/p>\n Burhaneddin Hoca ezeli rakibi olan Danial Hoca\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Cihan Hoca\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in 1757 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yarkent\u2019e do\u011fru hareket etti. Cihan Hoca ahlak\u0131 ve ki\u015fili\u011fi ile ahalinin h\u00fcrmetine sezaver olmu\u015ftu. Burhaneddin Hoca askerler ile beraber Yarkent\u2019e kadar geldi. Cihan Hoca\u2019ya hemen el\u00e7i g\u00f6ndererek mukavemet g\u00f6stermeden teslim olmalar\u0131n\u0131 istedi. Masum insanlar\u0131n kanlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6k\u00fclmesini reva g\u00f6rmeyen Cihan Hoca, Man\u00e7ulara itaat etmek de istemiyordu, teklifi katiyetle reddetti. Burhaneddin Hoca ve onun hamisi olan Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 Burhaneddin Hoca Yarkent\u2019e gelerek \u015fehri ku\u015fatt\u0131. Ku\u015fatanlar aras\u0131nda \u0130li, Aksu, Ku\u00e7ar, U\u00e7turfan25, Ka\u015fgar, Dolan, Turfan ve Yeni-hisar\u2019dan askerler hatta Kubat K\u0131rg\u0131z Beg komutas\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da K\u0131rg\u0131z askeri de vard\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131 arkas\u0131 kesilmedi. Olduk\u00e7a fazla can kayb\u0131 ya\u015fand\u0131. Cihan Hoca ve Yarkent ahalisi sab\u0131r ve sebatla kar\u015f\u0131 koydular. Vaziyet Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mad\u0131. Ne var ki, h\u0131yanet bir daha tekerr\u00fcr etti. Niyaz \u0130\u015fika\u011fa Beg ve Hu\u015fur Kuzu\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015faramad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Gazi Beg26 ba\u015fard\u0131 ve mazide de yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi Hakimlik makam\u0131n\u0131n yerinde kalmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla, \u015fehrin kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019ya a\u00e7t\u0131. Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irmesi zor olmad\u0131. Ka\u00e7may\u0131 tercih eden Cihan Hoca, Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n askerleri taraf\u0131ndan Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n karde\u015fi Han Hoca o s\u0131ralar \u0130li\u2019de, Amarsana ile beraber Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 isyan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sonu\u00e7 alamay\u0131nca \u0130li\u2019den Yarkent\u2019e ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. A\u011fabeyi Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019y\u0131 Cungarya\u2019n\u0131n umumi vaziyetinden haberdar etti. Man\u00e7ulara boyun e\u011fdikleri takdirde, a\u011fabey karde\u015ften birini rehin alarak, ku\u015f misali kafese mahkum edeceklerini s\u00f6yledi. Man\u00e7ular\u0131n \u015fu an Cungarya\u2019dan Yarkent\u2019e kadar gelebilmelerinin adeta imk\u00e2ns\u0131z oldu\u011funu da ilave etti. Zira yollar olduk\u00e7a tehlikeli idi. Burhaneddin Hoca her ne kadar istemese de, nihayetinde kabul etti.<\/p>\n Man\u00e7ular istediklerini elde ettikten sonra, Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019ya vermekten imtina ederek verdikleri s\u00f6z\u00fc yerine getirmediler. Burhaneddin Hoca ve Han Hoca 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan ettiler ve Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fma karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. Ku\u00e7ar, Bay ve Aksu\u2019nun Hakim Begi Mirza Hudi (\u7c73\u513f\u54b1.\u9102\u5bf9) ise kendi halk\u0131na ihanet ederek \u0130li\u2019ye ka\u00e7t\u0131 ve Man\u00e7ular\u0131 durumdan haberdar etti. Cungarya\u2019y\u0131 ilhak eden Man\u00e7ular pek cesaretlenmi\u015flerdi. Burhaneddin Hoca ve Han Hoca karde\u015flere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fma karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar28.<\/p>\n Zhao-hui ilk evvel Amindav (\u963f\u654f\u9053\/\u963f\u654f\u5716) ve Mirza Hudi komutalar\u0131nda iki bin askeri \u00f6nemli ge\u00e7itlerden biri olan Ku\u00e7ar\u2019a \u00f6nc\u00fc birlik olarak g\u00f6nderdi. Bunlar \u015fehre sald\u0131rd\u0131 iseler de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131lar. Amindav ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7o\u011fu ki\u015fi, Abdul ve askerleri taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Mirza Hudi \u0130li\u2019ye ka\u00e7abildi. Cungarlar\u0131n izledikleri politikay\u0131 uygulamay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen Man\u00e7ular i\u00e7in, Amindav\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir f\u0131rsat oldu ve do\u011frudan askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanarak Ku\u00e7ar\u2019\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Man\u00e7ular \u015eehriyar, Aksu ve U\u00e7turfan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Aksu\u2019yu askeri \u00fcs haline getirdiler. Han Hoca Yarkent\u2019te, Burhaneddin Hoca ise Ka\u015fgar\u2019da idi. Akabinde Man\u00e7ular harekete ge\u00e7tiler. Zhao-hui komutas\u0131ndaki d\u00f6rt bin ki\u015filik Man\u00e7u ordusu 6 Ekim 1758\u2019de Yarkent\u2019e geldi. Karasu Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda konu\u015fland\u0131lar. Han Hoca\u2019n\u0131n on binden fazla askeri vard\u0131. \u015eehrin ise toplam on iki kap\u0131s\u0131 vard\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7 ay\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n zaman zarf\u0131nda Man\u00e7ular adeta peri\u015fan Ocak 1759 tarihinde General Fu-de komutas\u0131ndaki Man\u00e7ular\u0131n kuzey yolu ordusu Aksu\u2019ya gelerek orada konu\u015fland\u0131. Bark\u00f6l ve Cungarya\u2019dan da takviye birlikler g\u00f6nderildi. B\u00f6ylelikle Man\u00e7u askerlerinin say\u0131s\u0131 toplam otuz bini buldu. Han Hoca ile Burhaneddin Hoca karde\u015fler, Yarkent ve Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 kaderine terk ettiler. Sar\u0131kol\u2019dan ge\u00e7erek Bedah\u015fan\u2019a geldiklerinde yerli ahali taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok s\u0131cak kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131lar. Beraberlerinde gelen on iki bin aileden dokuz bin aile Bu hadiseden \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l sonra Man\u00e7ular, Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019n\u0131n da kafas\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Sultan \u015eah\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131klar\u0131 cevaps\u0131z kalmad\u0131. Afganistan Emiri\u2019nin Bedah\u015fan\u2019a girmesiyle m\u00fcstahak\u0131n\u0131 buldu ve 1765 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Hokand Netice olarak Cungarya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeyi ba\u015faran Man\u00e7ular, Cungarlar\u0131n uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 politikay\u0131 takip ederek Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyine do\u011fru hareket ettiler. Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar ile Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda vuku bulan muarazalardan \u00e7ok iyi A\u00e7\u0131klamalar:<\/strong><\/p>\n 1 Mo\u011follar\u0131n bat\u0131 kolu olan Oyratlar; Ho\u015fut (\u548c\u7855\u7279), \u00c7oros (\u7dbd\u7f57\u65af), D\u00f6rbet (\u675c\u5c14\u4f2f\u7279) ve 2 Paizula Wusiman, A. N. Kuropatkin ve Onun Ka\u015fgarya Adl\u0131 Eseri, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal 3 Muhammed Sad\u0131k K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, Tezkire-i Azizan, haz. Necat Muhlis, \u015eemsettin Emet, Ka\u015fgar Uygur 4 Hayit ise \u2018Han\u0131m Pa\u015fa\u2019 olarak vermi\u015ftir. a.g.e., s. 17.<\/p>\n 5 K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee\u2019nin verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re Cungarlar, Danial Hoca\u2019y\u0131 beraberlerinde \u0130li\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fcler. 6 K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 61-70; Hayit, a.g.e., s. 16-17; \u00c2t\u0131f, a.g.e., s. 138-139.<\/p>\n 7 Ablat – Kamil, a.g.m., s. 694; Wusiman, a.g.t., s. 108; Ji Xian-lin (\u5b63\u7fa1\u6797), Weiwuer Shi-l\u00fce ( 8 Zeng, a.g.e., s. 250; K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 202-203; Kalan, a.g.e., s. 95-102; Demetrius Charles 9 Zlatkin\u2019in verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re, Man\u00e7ular\u0131n \u0130li\u2019ye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi asker say\u0131s\u0131 ise iki y\u00fcz bine yak\u0131n 10 Kalan, a.g.e., s. 102.<\/p>\n 11 Bir veya bir ka\u00e7 vilayetin her \u015feyinden sorumlu en \u00fcst d\u00fczey askeri yetkilisi. Zheng Tian-ting ( 12 Guo Ping-liang (\u90ed\u5e73\u6881), Wang Zhi-lai (\u738b\u6cbb\u6765), Xin-jiang Jain-shi (\u65b0\u7586\u7b80\u53f2), c. I, Xin-jiang 13 Zlatkin\u2019e g\u00f6re Davaatsi 8 Temmuz\u2019da yakalanarak Amarsana\u2019ya verilmi\u015ftir. Amarsana da 14 Tezkire-i Azizan adl\u0131 eserde ise \u2018Hacesi Beg\u2019 olarak ad\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir. K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 138.<\/p>\n 15 Fan Wen-lan (\u8303\u6587\u6f9c), v.d., Zhong-guo Tong-shi (\u4e2d\u56fd\u901a\u53f2), c. X, Ren-min Chuban-she, Beijing, 200610, s. 36; \u00c2t\u0131f, a.g.e., s. 146; Kalan, a.g.e., s. 103; K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 203-204, 220.<\/p>\n 16 Ablat – Kamil, a.g.m., s. 693. 18 Boulger, a.g.e., s. 48; Fan, v.d., a.g.e., c. X, s. 38; Ch\u2019en Ching-lung, \u00c7in ve Bat\u0131 Kaynaklar\u0131na 19 Zeng, a.g.e., s. 252; Ablat, Kamil, a.g.m., s. 693; Wei-yuan (\u9b4f\u6e90), Sheng Wu Ji (\u5723\u6b66\u8bb0), 20 Molla Musa Sayrami, Tarihi Hamidi, haz. Enver Baytur, Pekin Milletler Ne\u015friyat\u0131, Pekin 1986, 21 Sayrami, a.g.e., s. 137; Zeng, a.g.e., s. 253.<\/p>\n 22 K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 223-226; Wusiman, a.g.t., s. 110; Ji, a.g.e., s. 26.<\/p>\n 23 Yusuf Hoca ve onun Ka\u015fgar H\u00e2kimiyeti hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 136-158, 172-173, 177-181, 191-197.<\/p>\n 24 K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 234-250; \u00c2t\u0131f, a.g.e., s. 149.<\/p>\n 25 Tezkire-i Azizan adl\u0131 eserde ise \u2018U\u00e7\u2019 olarak ad\u0131 ge\u00e7mektedir. K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 265.<\/p>\n 26 Tezkire-i Azizan adl\u0131 eserde \u2018Gazi Haf\u0131z\u2019 olarak verilmi\u015ftir. K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 311.<\/p>\n 27 K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 253, 264-267, 271-281, 294-295, 313-319; Hayit, a.g.e., s. 19-20.<\/p>\n 28 Ji, a.g.e., s. 26-27; A. R\u0131za Bekin, \u201cYakup Beg\u2019den \u00d6nce Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Ayaklanmalar\u201d, 29 \u00c2t\u0131f, a.g.e., s. 158; Bekin, a.g.m., s. 18; Ji, a.g.e., s. 27-28; Zeng, a.g.e., s. 253-254.<\/p>\n 30 Fan, v.d., a.g.e., c. X, s. 39; Ji, a.g.e., s. 25, 28-29; Hong, a.g.e., s. 146; Zeng, a.g.e., s. 254-256.<\/p>\n 31 Ablat – Kamil, a.g.m., s. 696; Qing Shi-lu Xin-jiang Zi-liao Ji-lu (<\u6e05\u53f2\u5f55> \u65b0\u7586\u8d44\u6599\u8f91\u5f55), c. Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c2t\u0131f, Mehmed, Ka\u015fgar Tarihi (B\u00e2is-i Hayret Ahv\u00e2l-i Garibesi), haz. \u0130smail, Vehbi, Cahit, Eysi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, K\u0131r\u0131kkale 1999. Chuban-she, Urum\u00e7i 2009. Dr. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcyesi. Feyzullah UYGUR \u00d6zet XVII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde \u0130li merkezli Cungarya Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurulurken, g\u00fcneyinde ise Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar ve Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar olmak \u00fczere iki Hocalar g\u00fcruhu birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131yas\u0131ya m\u00fccadele ediyordu. Yarkent Han\u0131 \u0130smail Han taraf\u0131ndan saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lan Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n din\u00ee lideri Apak Hoca\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m talep etmesi \u00fczerine Cungarlar\u0131n, \u2018K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3988","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3988"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5711,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3988\/revisions\/5711"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3988"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3988"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3988"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nMo\u011follar\u0131n bat\u0131 kolu olarak kabul edilen Oyratlar\u0131n1 \u00c7oros kabilesinden olan Batur Huntaiji tahta ge\u00e7ti. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi h\u00e2kimiyeti oturtmay\u0131 ba\u015faran Cungarlar, kendi n\u00fcfuz ve tesir sahas\u0131n\u0131 Sibirya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney ve bat\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131na, Mo\u011folistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyine, T\u00fcrkistan topraklar\u0131na, hatta Tibet ve Qing-hai\u2019a kadar geni\u015flettiler. 1680 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise Kumul ve Turfan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. 1644 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00c7in Seddinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan \u00c7in\u2019e Pekin\u2019e kadar gelerek \u0130mparatorluk kurmay\u0131 ba\u015faran Man\u00e7ular, 1720 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda sahneye \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00d6nce Kumul\u2019u ard\u0131ndan da kendileri i\u00e7in yepyeni bir co\u011frafya olan Turfan\u2019\u0131 Cungarlar\u0131n elinden ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
\n\u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir mukavemet ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan Ka\u015fgar ve Yarkent\u2019i zapt etti. \u0130smail Han\u2019\u0131 aile fertleri ile beraber esir ald\u0131 ve beraberinde \u0130li\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Apak Hoca\u2019y\u0131 ise Cungar Han\u0131 vekili ve vali olarak atad\u0131. Yarkent ve Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 Apak Hoca\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131. Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na her y\u0131l sabit miktarl\u0131 vergiler g\u00f6nderildi. Apak Hoca ise Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan hain ilan edildi. B\u00f6ylelikle Yarkent Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131 ve yerine ise neredeyse Cungarlara ba\u011fl\u0131 Hocalar h\u00e2kimiyeti kuruldu.<\/p>\n
\nkar\u015f\u0131 halk\u0131n olumsuz tepkileri de g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Apak Hoca, son Yarkent Han\u0131 \u0130smail Han\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi Muhammed Emin\u2019i Han ilan ederek vaziyeti d\u00fczeltmek istedi. O g\u00fcnlerde Cungarya\u2019da vuku bulan i\u00e7 karga\u015fay\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilen Muhammed Emin Han, sald\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fczenleyerek otuz bine yak\u0131n Cungar\u0131 esir ald\u0131 ve bir nebze de olsa Cungarlar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131; fakat k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Muhammed Emin Han \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Cungarlara dayanan Apak Hoca, 1693\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne kadar h\u00e2kimiyetine devam etti3.<\/p>\n
\nge\u00e7meden Yarkent\u2019te tahta oturdu. Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar ise Ka\u015fgar\u2019da Ahmed Hoca\u2019y\u0131 ba\u015fa getirdiler. \u0130ki s\u00fcluk kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 art\u0131k g\u00f6ze alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu ayr\u0131l\u0131k evvela Cungar, ard\u0131ndan ise Man\u00e7u istil\u00e2lar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca sebebi olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nCungarlar, Danial Hoca\u2019y\u0131 da yanlar\u0131na alarak Ka\u015fgar\u2019a geldiler. Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n Ka\u015fgar\u2019da ba\u015fa getirdikleri Ahmed Hoca, Cungar Han\u0131 Tsevang Rabdan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 koyamad\u0131. Birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra Ka\u015fgar, Cungarlar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. Ahmed Hoca\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek istediler. Danial Hoca, Cungarlara: \u201cE\u011fer sizlere M\u00fcsl\u00fcman diyar\u0131 gerek ise, zinhar M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Hocalar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyiniz; zira onlar Hz. Peygamberin soyundan gelen kimselerdir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar onlar\u0131n katledilmelerine r\u0131za g\u00f6stermezler. Kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuk demeden herkes sizlerle sava\u015farak \u00f6lmeye haz\u0131rd\u0131rlar\u201d diyerek
\nAhmed Hoca\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesine m\u00e2ni oldu. Cungarlar 1720 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendilerine yard\u0131m eden Danial Hoca\u2019y\u0131 Ka\u015fgar\u2019da tahta oturttu5. Ahmed Hoca ve onun \u00e7ok say\u0131da yanda\u015flar\u0131, aileleri ile birlikte \u0130li\u2019ye g\u00f6nderildi. Danial Hoca, valileri kendisi atarken; devletin b\u00fct\u00fcn gelirlerini tamamen bizzat tasarruf etti. Cungarlar m\u00fcdahale etmediler. Ta ki Danial Hoca \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar seyretmekle yetindiler6.<\/p>\n
\nkendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 birlik olarak tek bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fmas\u0131ndan endi\u015fe etmeye ba\u015flayan Cungarlar\u0131n ilk icraat\u0131 Hocalar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc zay\u0131f d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek oldu. Cungar Han\u0131 Galdantseren, Danial Hoca\u2019n\u0131n mahdumlar\u0131ndan Yarkent\u2019e b\u00fcy\u00fck o\u011flu Cihan Hoca\u2019y\u0131, Ka\u015fgar\u2019a ikinci o\u011flu Yusuf Hoca\u2019y\u0131, Aksu\u2019ya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc o\u011flu Ey\u00fcp Hoca\u2019y\u0131 ve Hotan\u2019a ise en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck o\u011flu Abdullah Hoca\u2019y\u0131 vali tayin etti. Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n ezel\u00ee rakibi olan Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n din\u00ee lideri Hoca Ahmed\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131ndan Han Hoca ile Burhaneddin Hoca\u2019y\u0131 \u0130li\u2019ye g\u00f6t\u00fcrerek bir nevi nezarete ald\u0131lar. Durmaks\u0131z\u0131n
\nvuku bulan isyanalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Cungarlar, Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131 idare etmekte zorland\u0131lar. Her y\u0131l d\u00fczenli olarak vergi g\u00f6ndermelerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, y\u00f6netimi Kara Da\u011fl\u0131 Hocalar\u0131n m\u00fcmessili olan Danial Hoca ailesine b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Bu durum 1755 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar devam etti7.<\/p>\n
\nverdi\u011fi bilgiler Man\u00e7ular i\u00e7in hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Qian-long, Amarsana\u2019dan edindi\u011fi malumatlardan istifade ederek Cungarya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istedi. \u0130lk \u00f6nce Cungarlar\u0131n birli\u011fini ve b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bozmak gayesiyle, onlar\u0131 d\u00f6rde b\u00f6lmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc8.<\/p>\n
\nverdi9. 1754 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru b\u00fct\u00fcn haz\u0131rl\u0131klar tamamland\u013110.<\/p>\n
\nTemmuz\u2019da yakaland\u013113. Yan\u0131nda sadece y\u00fcze yak\u0131n askeri vard\u0131. U\u00e7turfan Valisi (veya Hakimi) Hoces (\u970d\u96c6\u65af)14 onu Man\u00e7u ordusuna teslim etti. General Bandi taraf\u0131ndan Pekin\u2019e g\u00f6nderilen Davaatsi idam edilmedi. \u0130mparator Qian-long ona pek iyi davrand\u0131. Zira Qian-long, Amarsana\u2019ya g\u00fcvenmiyordu. \u0130lerde ihtimal dahilinde \u00e7\u0131kabilecek Cungar isyan\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Stratejik ehemmiyete h\u00e2iz olan Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzey yolu art\u0131k Man\u00e7ular\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti15.<\/p>\n
\n\u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na yakaland\u0131 ve alt\u0131 g\u00fcn sonra Tobolsk\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc. \u00d6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde otuz be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131nda idi. \u0130mparator Qian-long b\u00fct\u00fcn Oyratlar\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilmesini emretti. 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda Zhao-hui ve Fu-de birka\u00e7 yoldan ilerleyerek Cungarlar\u0131 ac\u0131mas\u0131zca \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Neredeyse bir as\u0131r boyunca aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam eden \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonucu Man\u00e7ular galip geldiler. Urum\u00e7i ve Targabatay\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcdafaas\u0131 i\u00e7in de Man\u00e7u ve \u00c7inli askerler konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131ld\u013118.<\/p>\n
\nMan\u00e7ular\u0131n esas maksad\u0131 ise, t\u0131pk\u0131 Cungarlara uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi Kara Da\u011fl\u0131lar ile Ak Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 birbirine k\u0131rd\u0131rmakt\u013122.<\/p>\n
\ngazadan ba\u015fka m\u00fcnasebet tan\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 cevab\u0131n\u0131 verdi. Cihan Hoca\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 fevkalade itaatk\u00e2r olan ahali, sonuna kadar onun yan\u0131nda olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etti. Art\u0131k sava\u015f ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir hal ald\u0131 ve haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015fland\u013124.<\/p>\n
\nyakaland\u0131 ve ailesi ile beraber Yarkent\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcme mahk\u00fbm edildi. Cihan Hoca\u2019n\u0131n biricik o\u011flu Nazar Hoca ise Hindistan\u2019a ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. Burhaneddin Hoca Yarkent\u2019in ard\u0131ndan Hotan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Birka\u00e7 aya varmayan zaman zarf\u0131nda Ka\u015fgar ve civar b\u00f6lgeleri de tamamen zapt etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Man\u00e7ular\u0131n planlar\u0131 peyderpey hayata ge\u00e7mi\u015f oldu. Zira Burhaneddin Hoca, Man\u00e7ular i\u00e7in kukladan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi27.<\/p>\n
\nistil\u00e2 etmeye karar verdiler. Kumul\u2019dan gelen Ya-er ha-shan (\u96c5\u5c14\u54c8\u5584) komutas\u0131ndaki on bin ki\u015filik Man\u00e7u ordusu Turfan\u2019dan yola \u00e7\u0131karak May\u0131s 1758 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ku\u00e7ar\u2019a geldi ve \u015fehri ku\u015fatt\u0131. Han Hoca ve askerleri Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcstesna bir mukavemet g\u00f6sterdi. \u00dc\u00e7 ay boyunca muhasara alt\u0131nda kald\u0131lar; fakat askeri m\u00fchimmat ve erzaklar neredeyse tamamen t\u00fckendi\u011finden Ku\u00e7ar\u2019\u0131 terk etmek mecburiyetinde kald\u0131lar. Man\u00e7ular da \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r zayiat verdiler. \u0130mparator, Ya-er ha-shan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Shun De-ne (\u987a\u5fb7\u8a25) ve Ma De-sheng (\u9a6c\u5fb7\u52dd) vesaire komutanlar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 idam edilmelerini emretti. Ya-er ha-shan\u2019in yerine ise Zhao-hui getirildi. Man\u00e7ular Ku\u00e7ar\u2019da \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015fiyi teslim olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen katlettiler29.<\/p>\n
\noldular. Mutlak \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahip Han Hoca kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda aciz duruma d\u00fc\u015fen Man\u00e7ular, neredeyse yok olmaktan son anda kurtularak Aksu\u2019ya ka\u00e7may\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131lar. Zira o g\u00fcnlerde K\u0131rg\u0131zlar Ka\u015fgar\u2019da isyan bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekmi\u015flerdi. Han Hoca ise askerlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 K\u0131rg\u0131zlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak i\u00e7in Ka\u015fgar\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
\nB\u00fct\u00fcn askeri haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131 tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra Haziran ay\u0131nda Zhao-hui ve Fu-de on be\u015f biner asker ile beraber ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 iki g\u00fczerg\u00e2htan Ka\u015fgar ve Yarkent\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Zhao-hui\u2019un ordusu U\u00e7turfan\u2019dan Ka\u015fgar\u2019a gelirken, Fu-de\u2019n\u0131n ordusu ise Taklamakan \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erek Hotan\u2019a, oradan da Yarkent\u2019e girdi30.<\/p>\n
\nHokand\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. Han Hoca a\u011f\u0131r yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. A\u011fabeyi Burhaneddin Hoca ise Sultan \u015eah taraf\u0131ndan tutukland\u0131. A\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00e7aresiz kalan Sultan \u015eah, Han Hoca\u2019n\u0131n kopar\u0131lan kellesini General Zhao-hui\u2019e teslim etti ve akabinde Pekin\u2019e imparatorluk saray\u0131na g\u00f6nderildi. Man\u00e7ular, Han Hoca\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bir galibiyet ni\u015fanesi olarak demir kafesin i\u00e7inde te\u015fhir ettiler.<\/p>\n
\nve Ta\u015fkent\u2019e kadar gelerek kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc hissettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131, Afganistan Emiri\u2019ne bir umut olarak bak\u0131lsa da, o sadece Bedah\u015fan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmekle iktifa etti. Ahali Ka\u015fgar\u2019\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya devam etti. Ne var ki, 1759 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n sonuna geldi\u011finde olduk\u00e7a fazla Man\u00e7u askeri taraf\u0131ndan bu direni\u015f bast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. On iki bini a\u015fk\u0131n ki\u015fi esir al\u0131narak idama mahk\u00fbm edildi. \u0130ki-\u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l zaman zarf\u0131nda zuhur eden sava\u015flarda be\u015f y\u00fcz bine yak\u0131n insan Man\u00e7ular taraf\u0131ndan k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi31. B\u00f6ylece Man\u00e7ular Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyet alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
\nistifade ederek, 1759 y\u0131l\u0131nda fi ili olarak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131n ilk istil\u00e2s\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdiler. Yeni bir tarih sayfas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan; tarihinin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k ve karanl\u0131k devirlerinden birine gebe idi. Tesirleri g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar dahi devam edecek olan bir\u00e7ok tarih\u00ee hadiselerin k\u00f6kleri hep bu devirde gizliydi. Durmak bilmeyen i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeler, Man\u00e7ular\u0131n hi\u00e7 ac\u0131madan uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 tedhi\u015f ve sindirme politikalar\u0131 sonucu ahali sefi l, fakir, zelil ve hakir hayata mahkum b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Ne var ki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve h\u00fcrriyetine te\u015fne halk, bir as\u0131r boyunca Man\u00e7ulara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerine y\u0131lmadan devam etti.<\/p>\n
\nTorgut (\u571f\u5c14\u6248\u7279)\u2019tan ibaret d\u00f6rt kabileden olu\u015fur. Konar-g\u00f6\u00e7er olarak ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 co\u011frafya
\nise Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyi, Altay Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyi ve Gobi \u00c7\u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Zeng Wen-wu
\n(\u66fe\u95ee\u543e), Zhong-guo Jing-ying Xiyu-shi (\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u8425\u897f\u57df\u53f2), Shang-hai Shang-wu Yinshu-guan,
\nShang-hai 1936, s. 240-241.<\/p>\n
\nBilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, \u0130stanbul 2008, s. 105. Ablat Khodjaev-Kamil
\nKhodjaev, \u201cChi\u2019ng \u00c7ini\u2019nin Zungarya ve Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 \u0130\u015fgali\u201d, \u00e7ev. B\u00fclent Kene\u015f, T\u00fcrkler
\nAnsiklopedisi, c. XVIII, Ankara 2002, s. 688.<\/p>\n
\nNe\u015friyat\u0131, Ka\u015fgar 1988, s. 48-51; Mehmed \u00c2t\u0131f, Ka\u015fgar Tarihi (B\u00e2is-i Hayret Ahv\u00e2l-i Garibesi),
\nhaz. \u0130smail, Vehbi, Cahit, Eysi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, K\u0131r\u0131kkale 1999, s. 135; Ekrem Kalan, Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n
\nSiyasi Tarihi, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2008, s. 31; Baymirza Hayit, T\u00fcrkistan Rusya
\nile \u00c7in Aras\u0131nda, \u00e7ev. Abd\u00fclkadir Sadak, Ota\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1975, s. 16-17; Wusiman, a.g.t.,
\ns. 106-107; D. A. \u0130siev, Yedi \u015eehir Uygur Devleti, \u0130zdatelstvo Nauka, Almat\u0131 1990, s. 5; Zeng,
\na.g.e., s. 242; \u0130lya Yakovlevi\u00e7 Zlatkin (\u0418\u043b\u044c\u044f \u042f\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0417\u043b\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438\u043d), Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarihi, \u00e7ev.
\nMa Man-li (\u9a6c\u66fc\u4e3d), Shang-wu Yinshu-guan, Bei-jing 1980, s. 250-251.<\/p>\n
\na.g.e., s. 70.<\/p>\n
\n\u7ef4\u543e\u5c14\u53f2\u7565), Dong-fang Shu-she, Jinan 1952, s. 25; \u00c2t\u0131f, a.g.e., s. 145.<\/p>\n
\nBoulger, The Life of Yakoob Beg (Athalik Ghazi, and Badaulet; Ameer of Kashgar), Wm. H.
\nAllen & Co., London 1878, s. 45-46.<\/p>\n
\nidi. a.g.e., s. 417.<\/p>\n
\n\u90d1\u5929\u633a), v.d., Zhong-guo Li-shi Da Ci-dian (\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5927\u8f9e\u5178), I-II, Shang-hai Ci-shu Chubanshe, Shnag-hai 2000, s. 2271.<\/p>\n
\nRen-min Chuban-she, Urum\u00e7i 19973
\n, s. 253; Zlatkin, a.g.e., s. 416; Hong Di-chen (\u6d2a\u6da4\u5c18),
\nXin-jiang Shi-di Da-gang (\u65b0\u7586\u53f2\u5730\u5927\u7eb2), Zheng-zhong Shu-ju, Shang-hai 1945, s. 143; Zeng,
\na.g.e., s. 251.<\/p>\n
\nDavaatsi\u2019yi Man\u00e7ulara teslim etmi\u015ftir. a.g.e., s. 418.<\/p>\n
\n17 Zeng, a.g.e., s. 251-252; Fan, v.d., a.g.e., c. X, s. 37; Hong, a.g.e., s. 143.<\/p>\n
\nG\u00f6re 1828 \u0130syanlar\u0131ndan Yakup Bey\u2019e Kadar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Tarihi, Doktora \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, T\u2019aipei 1967, s. 105; Hong, a.g.e., s. 144; Zlatkin, a.g.e., s. 432-433.<\/p>\n
\nZhong-hua Shu-ju, Bei-jing 1984, s. 156.<\/p>\n
\ns. 140; Wusiman, a.g.t., s. 113; \u00c2t\u0131f, a.g.e., s. 154.<\/p>\n
\nAnkara \u00dcniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi Do\u011fu Dilleri Dergisi, XI\/4 (1981), s. 17;
\nHong, a.g.e., s. 144-145; Zeng, a.g.e., s. 252.<\/p>\n
\nIV, haz. Zhou xuan (\u5468\u8f69), Xiu Zhong-yi (\u4fee\u4ef2\u4e00), Gao Jian (\u9ad8\u5065), Xin-jiang Da-xue Chuban-she, Urum\u00e7i 2009, s. 356; Sayrami, a.g.e., s. 140; Fan, v.d., a.g.e., c. X, s. 39; Boulger, a.g.e.,s. 49-51; \u00c2t\u0131f, a.g.e., s. 164.<\/p>\n
\nBekin, A. R\u0131za, \u201cYakup Beg\u2019den \u00d6nce Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019daki Ayaklanmalar\u201d, Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi Do\u011fu Dilleri Dergisi,
\nXI\/4 (1981), s. 17-37.
\nBoulger, D. C., The Life of Yakoob Beg (Athalik Ghazi, and Badaulet;
\nAmeer of Kashgar), Wm. H. Allen & Co., London 1878.
\nCh\u2019en Ching-lung, \u00c7in ve Bat\u0131 Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re 1828 \u0130syanlar\u0131ndan Yakup Bey\u2019e Kadar Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan Tarihi, Doktora \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, T\u2019ai-pei 1967.
\nFan Wen-lan (\u8303\u6587\u6f9c), v.d., Zhong-guo Tong-shi (\u4e2d\u56fd\u901a\u53f2), c. X, Renmin Chuban-she, Bei-jing 200610.
\nGuo Ping-liang (\u90ed\u5e73\u6881), Wang Zhi-lai (\u738b\u6cbb\u6765), Xin-jiang Jain-shi (\u65b0
\n\u7586\u7b80\u53f2), c. I, Xin-jiang Ren-min Chuban-she, Urum\u00e7i 19973.
\nHayit, Baymirza, T\u00fcrkistan Rusya ile \u00c7in Aras\u0131nda, \u00e7ev. Abd\u00fclkadir Sadak, Ota\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1975.
\nHong Di-chen (\u6d2a\u6da4\u5c18), Xin-jiang Shi-di Da-gang (\u65b0\u7586\u53f2\u5730\u5927\u7eb2), Zheng-zhong Shu-ju, Shang-hai 1945.
\n\u0130siev, D. A., Yedi \u015eehir Uygur Devleti, \u0130zdatelstvo Nauka, Almat\u0131 1990.
\nJi Xian-lin (\u5b63\u7fa1\u6797), Weiwuer Shi-l\u00fce (\u7ef4\u543e\u5c14\u53f2\u7565), Dong-fang Shu-she,
\nJinan 1952.
\nKalan, Ekrem, Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Siyasi Tarihi, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2008.
\nK\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee, Muhammed Sad\u0131k, Tezkire-i Azizan, haz. Necat Muhlis, \u015eemsettin Emet, Ka\u015fgar Uygur Ne\u015friyat\u0131, Ka\u015fgar 1988.
\nKhodjaev, Ablat – Kamil Khodjaev, \u201cChi\u2019ng \u00c7ini\u2019nin Zungarya ve Do\u011fu
\nT\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 \u0130\u015fgali\u201d, \u00e7ev. B\u00fclent Kene\u015f, T\u00fcrkler Ansiklopedisi, c. XVIII, Ankara
\n2002, s. 678-701.
\nQing Shi-lu Xin-jiang Zi-liao Ji-lu (<\u6e05\u53f2\u5f55> \u65b0\u7586\u8d44\u6599\u8f91\u5f55), c. IV, haz.
\nZhou xuan (\u5468\u8f69), Xiu Zhong-yi (\u4fee\u4ef2\u4e00), Gao Jian (\u9ad8\u5065), Xin-jiang Da-xue<\/p>\n
\nSayrami, Molla Musa, Tarihi Hamidi, haz. Enver Baytur, Pekin Milletler Ne\u015friyat\u0131, Pekin 1986.
\nWei-yuan (\u9b4f\u6e90), Sheng Wu Ji (\u5723\u6b66\u8bb0), Zhong-hua Shu-ju, Bei-jing 1984.
\nWusiman, Paizula, A. N. Kuropatkin ve Onun Ka\u015fgarya Adl\u0131 Eseri, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi, \u0130stanbul 2008.
\nZeng Wen-wu (\u66fe\u95ee\u543e), Zhong-guo Jing-ying Xiyu-shi (\u4e2d\u56fd\u7ecf\u8425\u897f\u57df\u53f2), Shang-hai Shang-wu Yinshu-guan, Shang-hai 1936.
\nZheng Tian-ting (\u90d1\u5929\u633a), v.d., Zhong-guo Li-shi Da Ci-dian (\u4e2d\u56fd\u5386\u53f2\u5927\u8f9e\u5178), I-II, Shang-hai Ci-shu Chuban-she, Shnag-hai 2000.
\nZlatkin, \u0130. Y., Cungar Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tarihi, \u00e7ev. Ma Man-li (\u9a6c\u66fc\u4e3d), Shang-wu Yinshu-guan, Bei-jing 1980.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"