![\"\"](\"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/timur.jpeg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Muhammed Emin KO\u00c7AK<\/p>\n
\u00d6zet<\/p>\n
Ad\u0131n\u0131 kurucusu Timur\u2019dan alan Timurlular Devleti, Orta Asya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli co\u011frafyalarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Timurlular, h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na ald\u0131klar\u0131 memleketleri ilm\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sanatsal olarak etkilemi\u015f ve kendisinden sonra kurulan devletler ve hanl\u0131klar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Timurlu Devleti, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n miras\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. \u00c7a\u011fatay hanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak Timurlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 \u015fehirlerde oturmu\u015flar ve yerle\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc benimsemi\u015flerdir. Yerle\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131ndan biri olan \u015fehirler, Timurlular\u0131n Orta Asya\u2019da b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 miras\u0131n \u00f6nemli yap\u0131lar\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Timur, Semerkant\u2019\u0131 ba\u015fkent olarak se\u00e7mi\u015f, \u015fehirde
\ng\u00f6steri\u015fli eserler ve bah\u00e7eler meydana getirmi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019un zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 politikas\u0131 sayesinde Semerkant n\u00fcfusu artm\u0131\u015f ve kentin sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Semerkant, Timur zaman\u0131nda muazzam bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fmi\u015f ve Do\u011fu \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n cazibe merkezine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Semerkant, Timurlu medeniyetinin do\u011fdu\u011fu yer olmas\u0131 nedeniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n
Giri\u015f<\/p>\n
Semerkant, M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir b\u00f6lgesinde yer almaktad\u0131r. Ceyhun nehrinin kuzey ve do\u011fusunda bulunan co\u011frafyaya M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Semerkant\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131nda Buhara, do\u011fusunda \u00dcsr\u00fb\u015fene b\u00f6lgesi, kuzey ve kuzeydo\u011fusunda ise Ta\u015fkent ile \u0130sb\u00eec\u00e2b, g\u00fcneyinde Ki\u015f ve Nesef \u015fehirleri bulunmaktad\u0131r.1 Semerkant, T\u00fcrk ve \u0130sl\u00e2mi gelene\u011fi y\u00fcz y\u0131llarca i\u00e7inde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran 2500 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip nadir yerle\u015fim yerlerinden biridir. \u015eehir ilk olarak, Zeref\u015f\u00e2n Nehri\u2019nin g\u00fcney k\u0131sm\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na ise Efr\u00e2siy\u00e2b ismi verilmektedir. Semerkant\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015fu hakk\u0131nda \u00e7e\u015fitli rivayetler2 olsa da \u015fehrin M.\u00d6. 535 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pers h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Cyrus taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. 3 Semerkant, tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7e\u015fitli milletler taraf\u0131ndan muhtelif
\n\u015fekillerde isimlendirilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk olarak B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in do\u011fu seferinde Maracanda olarak ifade edilmi\u015f 4, daha sonra \u00c7in kaynaklar\u0131nda Sa-mo-kian, K\u2019ang ve Si-wan-kin olarak yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 5 Semerkant isminin anlam\u0131 ve ilk olarak ne zaman kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kesin bir bilgi bulunmasa da \u015fehrin isminin, Himyer\u00eeler\u2019in (M.\u00d6. 115- M.S. 535) \u00f6nemli komutanlar\u0131ndan olan \u015eemir b. Yer\u2019i\u015f\u2019den geldi\u011fine dair g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler mevcuttur.6 K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud (\u00f6.1090) ise Semerkant\u2019\u0131 \u201cSemiz Kent\u201d (b\u00fcy\u00fck, zengin \u015fehir) olarak ifade etmi\u015ftir.7<\/p>\n
Tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7te, \u00e7e\u015fitli milletlerin ve hanedanlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fehir, M.S. 711 y\u0131l\u0131nda Emev\u00eeler\u2019in (661-750) Horasan valisi Kuteybe b. M\u00fcslim taraf\u0131ndan kesin olarak ele ge\u00e7irilerek \u0130sl\u00e2m h\u00e2kimiyetine girmi\u015ftir. Semerkant\u2019\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ordular\u0131n\u0131n fetih hareketlerini de kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve \u015fehir askeri bir \u00fcs olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 8 \u0130sl\u00e2m co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131ndan Yak\u00fbb\u00ee, \u0130bn Hurd\u00e2zbih, Bel\u00e2zur\u00ee ve \u0130bn R\u00fcsteh Semerkant\u2019\u0131, So\u011fd9
\nb\u00f6lgesinde fiziksel ve mek\u00e2nsal olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan bir y\u00f6netim merkezi olarak tasvir etmi\u015f ve So\u011fd h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n\u0131n eskiden burada oturduklar\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmi\u015flerdir.10 Emev\u00eeler\u2019in ard\u0131ndan bir di\u011fer \u0130sl\u00e2m hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Abb\u00e2s\u00eeler\u2019in (750-1258) h\u00e2kimiyetinde olan \u015fehirde, zaman zaman \u00e7e\u015fitli isyanlar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Abb\u00e2s\u00ee halifesi Me\u2019mun, 819
\ny\u0131l\u0131nda isyanlar\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck yararl\u0131l\u0131klar g\u00f6steren, \u0130ran k\u00f6kenli S\u00e2m\u00e2ni ailesinden Nuh b. Esed\u2019i, Semerkant valili\u011fine atam\u0131\u015f ve ailenin di\u011fer \u00fcyelerine de \u00e7e\u015fitli valilikler vermi\u015ftir. S\u00e2m\u00e2niler (819-1005) zaman\u0131nda Semerkant, ticar\u00ee faaliyetlerin yo\u011fun olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve tarihi \u0130pek Yolu \u00fczerinde en \u00f6nemli \u015fehirlerden birisi olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.11 Daha sonra Karahanl\u0131lar (840-1212), Sel\u00e7uklular (1040-1308) ve H\u00e2rezim\u015fahlar\u2019\u0131n (1097-1231) h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na giren \u015fehirde, ilim, bilim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr sahalar\u0131nda k\u0131ymetli eserler ve yap\u0131lar meydana getirilmi\u015ftir. Semerkant, Mo\u011follar d\u00f6nemine kadar T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m \u015fehirleri i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6nemli bir merkez olmu\u015f ancak Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131 ile bu \u00f6nemini kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
1. Mo\u011follar Zaman\u0131nda Semerkant<\/strong><\/p>\n Mo\u011follar, insanl\u0131k tarihini etkileyen, askeri ve idari yap\u0131lar\u0131 sayesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir imparatorluk kuran uluslardan biridir. XIII. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar \u00e7e\u015fitli boylar \u015feklinde ve merkezi siyas\u00ee bir yap\u0131dan yoksun olarak varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Mo\u011follar, 1206 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki kurultayda, Temu\u00e7in\u2019in \u201cHan\u201d ilan edilip \u201cCengiz\u201d ismini almas\u0131yla tek \u00e7at\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.12 Cengiz Han (1206-1227), Mo\u011fol Cengiz Han, \u00f6lmeden \u00f6nce imparatorlu\u011funu o\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir ve T\u00fcrkistan\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan co\u011frafyay\u0131 ikinci o\u011flu olan \u00c7a\u011fatay Han\u2019a (1227-1241) vermi\u015ftir. \u00c7a\u011fatay, otoriter bir kimse olup, Mo\u011fol yasalar\u0131n\u0131n koruyucu ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.17 Onun zaman\u0131nda, \u0130sl\u00e2mi kurallara g\u00f6re hayvan kesilmemesi ve suyun kirletilmemesi, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halka b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar vermi\u015ftir. \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u2019da, Mo\u011fol yasalar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n planda tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019in yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 geciktirdi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. \u00c7a\u011fatayl\u0131lar, di\u011fer Mo\u011fol uluslar\u0131 gibi istikrarl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme g\u00f6sterememi\u015flerdir. H\u00e2kimiyet alanlar\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde bulunan Semerkant gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fehirler, valiler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla y\u00f6netilerek, merkezde olan \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Han\u2019a\u201d ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.18 Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu durum \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyas\u00ee ve iktisadi olarak geli\u015fmesini engellemi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7a\u011fatay Ulus\u2019unda h\u00e2kimiyet kurmak i\u00e7in Mo\u011fol h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan m\u00fccadeleler neticesinde \u015fehir hayat\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir durgunluk meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Mo\u011follar d\u00f6nemde Semerkant, ilm\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve iktisadi alanda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde geli\u015fme kaydetmi\u015ftir. XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l seyyahlar\u0131ndan \u0130bn Batt\u00fbta (1304-1368) M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir\u2019e giderek Semerkant\u2019\u0131 bizzat g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Semerkant i\u00e7in: \u201cIrmak k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fehir halk\u0131n\u0131n bir zamanlar ne denli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan ve h\u0131rsl\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6\u015fkler ve kas\u0131rlar bulunur. \u015eimdi \u00e7o\u011fu harap. \u015eehrin b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131sm\u0131 da \u00f6yle. Ne surlar\u0131 ne de kap\u0131lar\u0131 var bu \u015fehrin…! \u0130\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda bah\u00e7eler var sadece.\u201d 19 \u015feklindeki ifadeleri ile Mo\u011fol tahribat\u0131n\u0131n ne denli y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu ve ilk d\u00f6nem Mo\u011fol fetihlerinden sonra bile \u015fehrin harap halde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgisini vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 2. Timur Devrinde Semerkant<\/strong><\/p>\n Timur\u2019un (1336-1405) hayat\u0131n\u0131n ilk k\u0131sm\u0131na dair bilgiler s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olsa da 1336 y\u0131l\u0131nda 20 Ke\u015f (\u015eehr-i Sebz) yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Hoca Ilgar k\u00f6y\u00fcnde do\u011fdu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Babas\u0131n\u0131n ismi Turagay annesinin ki ise Tekina\u2019d\u0131r.21 Timur, \u00c7a\u011fatay Ulus\u2019unun h\u00e2kimiyetinde olan topraklarda do\u011fmu\u015ftur. Onun, T\u00fcrk veya Mo\u011fol oldu\u011funa dair tart\u0131\u015fmalar devam etse de gerek \u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi gerek ise T\u00fcrk ve d\u00fcnya tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir \u015fahsiyet oldu\u011fu bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. 22 Timur, 1370\u2019de \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7erisindeki siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee m\u00fccadelelerden galip bir \u015fekilde \u00e7\u0131karak, kendi ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan devletini kurmu\u015ftur. Onun, Avrasya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131ndan Delhi\u2019ye, Anadolu\u2019dan \u00c7in\u2019e kadar uzanan seferler d\u00fczenlemesinin bir\u00e7ok amac\u0131 olmak ile birlikte ana \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u015f\u00f6yle ifade edilebilir: Timur, Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n miras\u0131n\u0131 kendi devletinde toplamak istemek ile beraber d\u00fcnyan\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 olmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f ve bu amac\u0131na uygun olarak da \u00e7e\u015fitli seferlere \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Seferlerinin y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn daha \u00f6nce Timur, h\u00e2kimiyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren imar faaliyetlerine \u00e7ok \u00f6nem vermi\u015f ve ba\u015f\u015fehir olarak Semerkant\u2019\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Semerkant, Timur\u2019un ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi ilk \u015fehirdir. \u015eehri ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6rev da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 yaparak beylerini Semerkant\u2019\u0131n asayi\u015fi ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir. Ard\u0131ndan mahiyetindeki m\u00fchendis ve mimarlara emirler vererek kale, hisar, k\u00f6\u015fk ve saraylar yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015ftir.23<\/p>\n Timur, her ne kadar tarihte \u015fehirleri yakan ve insanlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olarak bilinse de asl\u0131nda \u015fehircilik ve mimariye \u00f6nem vererek kalk\u0131nmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan biri oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck padi\u015fahlar\u0131n iktidar ve kuvvetlerinden edecekleri istifade hayrat ve m\u00fcberrat v\u00fccuda getirmektir, biz bug\u00fcn nas\u0131l ge\u00e7mi\u015f padi\u015fahlar\u0131n eserlerini tema\u015fa ediyorsak, her halde bizden de bir eser kalmal\u0131d\u0131r, ta ki bizden sonra da bizim ismimiz baki kals\u0131n\u201d24 s\u00f6zlerinin sahibi olan Timur\u2019un ifadeleri, yukar\u0131da zikredilen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri desteklemektedir. Timur\u2019un imar Timur, ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi \u00fclkelerden zorla g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirdi\u011fi bilim adam\u0131, sanatk\u00e2r ve ustalar sayesinde, Semerkant\u2019ta ilm\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve mimar\u00ee anlamda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir geli\u015fme ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O, Semerkant\u2019\u0131n \u00e7evresinde D\u0131ma\u015fk, \u015eiraz, Sultaniye ve Ba\u011fdat adlar\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi k\u00f6yler kurdurarak, g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulan kimselerin bu kasabalarda kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 emretmi\u015ftir.26 Bu durum Timur\u2019un, imparatorlu\u011funun sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel anlamda geli\u015fmesine katk\u0131da bulunabilecek her insan\u0131 de\u011ferlendirdi\u011finin bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n Timur, h\u00e2kimiyet kurdu\u011fu co\u011frafyalardaki kalifiye insanlar\u0131, sadece Semerkant\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmemi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1402\u2019de Anadolu\u2019ya geldi\u011finde, Baba \u0130lyas Amasyev\u00ee\u2019yi, \u015eirvan\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve orada \u00f6\u011frencilere ders vermesini istemi\u015ftir.27 Ayr\u0131ca 1379 y\u0131l\u0131nda Harezm \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc seferde \u015fehirde bulunan ilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 ve sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 beraberinde Ke\u015f \u015fehrine g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 28 Buradan hareketle Semerkant ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, Timurlu \u015fehirlerinde zengin bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlilik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un h\u00fckmetti\u011fi \u015fehirlerin isimleriyle k\u00f6yler kurdurmas\u0131 siyas\u00ee zekas\u0131na bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmektedir. Yukar\u0131da zikredilen k\u00f6y isimleri, kendi kurdu\u011fu imparatorluktan \u00f6nce g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerin ba\u015fkenti olmu\u015ftur. Yaln\u0131z Timur i\u00e7in bu \u015fehirler, Semerkant\u2019a nazaran g\u00f6steri\u015fsiz ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir kasaba olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Timur\u2019un g\u00f6\u00e7 politikas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015flevi hakk\u0131nda bilgi veren Clavijo: \u201c(Timur) \u015eam\u2019daki b\u00fct\u00fcn dokumac\u0131lar\u0131 ve silah imalat\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ustalar\u0131, porselen ve cam yapan sanatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 Semerkant\u2019a getirdi\u011fini bildirmi\u015f, Anadolu\u2019dan ise t\u00fcfek\u00e7i, kuyumcu ve mimarlar\u0131 getirdi\u011fini\u201d aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.29 Clavijo t\u00fcm bunlar\u0131, \u201cTimur\u2019un ba\u015fkentini d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en asil, en m\u00fckemmel \u015fehri yapmak ve Semerkant\u2019\u0131n, di\u011fer \u015fehirlerin hepsine \u00fcst\u00fcn gelecek bir \u015fekilde imar etmek\u201d i\u00e7in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da ifade etmi\u015ftir. 30 Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Timur\u2019un, Semerkant\u2019\u0131 \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezi haline getirmek i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etti\u011fini\u201d ifade eden ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar da mevcuttur.31<\/p>\n Clavijo sokaklar\u0131nda dola\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Semerkant i\u00e7in: \u201cSemerkant\u2019\u0131n her taraf\u0131nda bah\u00e7eler ve evler vard\u0131r. Ev ve bah\u00e7eler aras\u0131nda cadde ve meydanlar var. Buralarda bir\u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn sat\u0131l\u0131yor. Semerkant\u2019ta b\u00fct\u00fcn mallar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirilip konulaca\u011f\u0131 ve sat\u0131\u015fa sunulaca\u011f\u0131 bir yer yoktu. Timur, \u015fehrin bir ucundan di\u011fer ucuna uzanan bir cadde d\u00fczenlenmesini emretti. Bu caddenin iki taraf\u0131na ma\u011fazalar yap\u0131lacak, ticaret e\u015fyas\u0131 burada sergilenip sat\u0131lacakt\u0131. Bu emrin yerine getirilmesi iki ki\u015fiye verilmi\u015fti. Bu i\u015f gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz devam edecek, aksad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde bu iki g\u00f6revlinin kellesi gidecekti. Ma\u011fazalar her yerde herkese laz\u0131m olacak \u015feyi satmaktad\u0131r. Semerkant \u00e7ar\u015f\u0131lar\u0131 mal doludur. S\u00f6z Timur\u2019un be\u015finci ku\u015fak torunu olan Zah\u00eer\u00fcdd\u00een Bab\u00fcr (\u00f6.1530), hat\u0131ralar\u0131nda Semerkant\u2019a dair k\u0131ymetli bilgiler vermektedir: \u201cSemerkant ve mahallerinde Timur Bey ve Ulu\u011f Beg\u2019in imaret ve bah\u00e7eleri \u00e7oktur. Timur Bey, Ahen\u00een kap\u0131s\u0131na yak\u0131n ve kalenin i\u00e7inde cami yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 ekseriyetle Hindistan\u2019dan getirtti\u011fi ta\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar i\u015flemi\u015ftir. Semerkant\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda iki bah\u00e7e yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Semerkant \u015fehri fevkalade m\u00fczeyyen bir \u015fehirdir. Bu \u015fehrin di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde az bulunan bir hususiyeti vard\u0131r. Burada her esnaf\u0131n ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 pazar\u0131 olup, birbirleri ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k de\u011fildir. Usulleri muntazamd\u0131r. \u0130yi ekmek\u00e7ileri ve a\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve Semerkant\u2019\u0131n ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 me\u015fhurdur33 ifadelerinden yola \u00e7\u0131karak Timur\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra dahi Semerkant\u2019\u0131n, bir cazibe merkezi olarak \u00f6nemini \u0130bn Batt\u00fbta\u2019n\u0131n Semerkant\u2019a dair verdi\u011fi bilgiler g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Timur\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck bir heves ile imar etti\u011fi Semerkant\u2019\u0131n geli\u015fimi daha iyi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Timur\u2019a atfedilen \u201cD\u00fcnya iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n sahip olabilece\u011fi kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck ve de\u011ferli de\u011fildir. Tanr\u0131 nas\u0131l bir ise Sultan da bir tane olmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d34 s\u00f6z\u00fc ile d\u00fcnyada Semerkant\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve azametine e\u015fde\u011fer bir \u015fehrin olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Timur, Semerkant\u2019ta B\u00eeb\u00ee Han\u0131m Cami ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, G\u00f6k Saray ve G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer T\u00fcrbesi gibi muazzam eserler in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda Semerkant\u2019\u0131n her taraf\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck ve i\u00e7inde irili ufakl\u0131 saraylar\u0131n oldu\u011fu bah\u00e7eler yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradan 2.1. B\u00eeb\u00ee Han\u0131m Cami<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u00eeb\u00ee Han\u0131m Cami, ismini Timur\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck hatunu Saray M\u00fclk Han\u0131m\u2019\u0131n toplum i\u00e7indeki isminden almaktad\u0131r. Timur 1399 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hindistan seferinden Semerkant\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra, Hindistan\u2019da kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaferin an\u0131s\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir cami yapt\u0131rmak istemi\u015ftir. Caminin yap\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n planlanmas\u0131na hemen ba\u015flan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve uygun bir saatte temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ard\u0131ndan imparatorlu\u011fun d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131nda gelen in\u015faat ustalar\u0131, m\u00fchendisler ve mimarlar caminin in\u015faat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1398\u2019de Delhi \u015fehrinde ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi zanaatk\u00e2rlar ve ta\u015f ustalar\u0131n\u0131n, \u0130ran ve Azerbaycan\u2019dan getirilmi\u015f olan ta\u015f ustalar\u0131n\u0131n da in\u015fa faaliyetinde haz\u0131r bulunduklar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Timur\u2019un Hindistan\u2019da getirdi\u011fi fillerin de in\u015fa faaliyetinde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Timur\u2019un, caminin in\u015fas\u0131na bizzat \u00f6nem g\u00f6stererek burada haz\u0131r bulundu\u011fu, her i\u015fin ba\u015f\u0131na \u015fehzade veya beylerinden birini g\u00f6revlendirerek, \u00e7e\u015fitli denetlemeler yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 da kaynaklarda zikredilmi\u015ftir. Caminin yap\u0131m\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck ta\u015flar kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015feli minareye sahip oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. 35 B\u00eeb\u00ee Han\u0131m Cami\u2019nin, Timur\u2019un Semerkant\u2019ta meydana getirdi\u011fi eserlerden g\u00f6steri\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fck bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en \u00f6nde gelen yap\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Cami, 167×109 metre y\u00fczey alan\u0131na sahip olup, 40- 41 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ta\u00e7 kap\u0131s\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca caminin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00f6steri\u015fe ve heybete sahip olmas\u0131, Timur\u2019un kurmu\u015f oldu\u011fu devletin g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn ve b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131nda kendi Timur, Yedi Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sefer (1399-1404) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan m\u00fccadelelerinden 1404\u2019de Semerkant\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde camiyi g\u00f6rmeye gitmi\u015ftir. Caminin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck oldu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekerek, yeninden yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Timur, hasta oldu\u011fu halde g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde s\u0131kl\u0131kla camiye giderek in\u015faat\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlemi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019un yoklu\u011funda caminin in\u015faat\u0131 g\u00f6revi ile divan katipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olan Hace Mahmud Davud ve Muhammed Celd ilgilenmi\u015ftir. Timur, s\u00f6z konusu iki g\u00f6revliyi i\u015flerini d\u00fczg\u00fcn yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.37<\/p>\n B\u00eeb\u00ee Han\u0131m Cami\u2019nin, yap\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra gerek co\u011frafi \u015fartlar gerekse do\u011fal afetler sonucunda daha Timur zaman\u0131nda y\u0131prand\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Timur, emirlerine cuma namazlar\u0131n\u0131 bu camide k\u0131lmay\u0131 emretmi\u015f, Timur\u2019dan sonra ise halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu camiyi kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ancak zaman zaman ba\u015flar\u0131na caminin tavan\u0131ndan ta\u015flar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia edilmektedir.38<\/p>\n 2.2. G\u00f6k Saray<\/strong><\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Semerkant\u2019ta meydana getirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck binalardan birisi de Semerkant kalesinin i\u00e7inde bulunan G\u00f6k Saray\u2019d\u0131r. Timur\u2019un soyundan bir kimsenin ba\u015f kald\u0131rarak hakimiyeti ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi takdirde burada tahta oturdu\u011fu yahut taht kavgas\u0131 sebebiyle yenilirse G\u00f6k Saray\u2019da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Halk aras\u0131nda \u201cfilan mirzay\u0131 G\u00f6k Saray\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar\u201d s\u00f6z\u00fc kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, bu durumun onun \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etti\u011fi bilinmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca G\u00f6k Saray\u2019\u0131n, Timur ve ard\u0131llar\u0131 zaman\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok imparatorluk hazinesinin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer ve bir \u00e7e\u015fit hapishane g\u00f6revinde oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.39<\/p>\n 2.3. G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer T\u00fcrbesi<\/strong> p medrese ve hang\u00e2h yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu bilinmektedir.40 Timur\u2019un, o\u011flu Cihangir Mirza\u2019dan olma b\u00fcy\u00fck torunu Muhammed Sultan Mirza 1403 y\u0131l\u0131nda vefat etmi\u015f41 ve mirzan\u0131n naa\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131m\u0131 devam etmekte olan bu k\u00fclliyeye ge\u00e7ici olarak defnedilmi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019da \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra naa\u015f\u0131 (18 \u015eubat 1405) buraya g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bundan 2. 4. Bah\u00e7eler<\/strong><\/p>\n Timur zaman\u0131nda Semerkant ve \u00e7evresinde meydana getirilen bah\u00e7eler, Timurlularda bir bah\u00e7e k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015f ve Timur\u2019dan sonra gelen h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar h\u00e2kimiyet sahalar\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc devam ettirmi\u015flerdir.46 Timur Semerkant\u2019ta Ba\u011f-\u0131 Behi\u015ft, Ba\u011f-\u0131 Dilku\u015fa, Ba\u011f-\u0131 \u015eimal ve Ba\u011f-\u0131 Nev gibi bir\u00e7ok bah\u00e7e yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan Ba\u011f-\u0131 Behi\u015ft, 1378 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Semerkant\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131 taraf\u0131nda on iki bah\u00e7enin birle\u015ftirilmesiyle kurulmu\u015ftur. Timur\u2019un burada o\u011ful ve torunlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnlerini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir.47 Ba\u011f-\u0131 \u015eimal\u2019in ise temeline 1397 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, \u015fehrin kuzey k\u0131sm\u0131nda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu isimle adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bah\u00e7enin yap\u0131m\u0131na bizzat Timur refakat etmi\u015f, farkl\u0131 milletlerden ustalar gece g\u00fcnd\u00fcz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bah\u00e7enin duvarlar\u0131, alt\u0131n suyu ve lacivert renkler ile s\u00fcslenmi\u015f, Timur\u2019un hayat\u0131ndan kesitler tasvir edilmi\u015ftir.48 Bu tasvirlerde sava\u015flar\u0131, resmi protokol d\u00fczeni, padi\u015fahlar, emirler ve ulema ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sohbetler, av sahneleri, zaferleri, ailesi ve e\u011flence meclisleri resmedilmi\u015ftir. 49 Semerkant\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda bulunan, Ba\u011f-\u0131 Dilku\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na 1397 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n Timur\u2019un h\u00e2kimiyet kurdu\u011fu co\u011frafyada, g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ve yerle\u015fik halklar s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele halinde olmu\u015ftur. Kendisinden \u00f6nce yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7me e\u011filimi g\u00f6steren, \u015fehir ve saray in\u015fa eden \u00c7a\u011fatay hanlar\u0131 ve emirleri g\u00f6\u00e7ebe T\u00fcrk-Mo\u011fol boylar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Timur\u2019un bir ba\u015f\u015fehir se\u00e7erek, seferlerinden arta kalan vaktini burada ge\u00e7irmesi ve neredeyse Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bu konuda hi\u00e7 isyan \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131, onun kudretinin bir g\u00f6stergesi olmu\u015ftur. Asker bir A\u00e7\u0131klamalar:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n 1 Ramazan \u015ee\u015fen, \u0130sl\u00e2m Co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131na G\u00f6re T\u00fcrkler ve T\u00fcrk \u00dclkeleri, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2001, s. 2; Osman Gazi \u00d6zg\u00fcdenli, \u201cM\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir\u201d, D\u0130A, C. XXVIII, Ankara 2003, s. 177; Guy Le Strange, The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia and Central Asia from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur, Cosimo Classics, New York 2010, s. 463; Osman Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, Semerkant Tarihi (Fethinden S\u00e2m\u00e2niler\u2019in Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na Kadar 93-389\/711-999), \u0130sam Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2011 s. 55<\/p>\n 2 Bu rivayetler i\u00e7in bk: Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, a.g.e., s. 88-100. 13 Ren\u00e9 Grousset, Stepler \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu (Attil\u00e2, Cengiz Han, Timur), \u00e7ev. Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k, haz. E. Tokdemir- M. D\u00f6nmez, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2015, s. 247-248. Mo\u011follar\u0131n t\u00fcccarlara ve ticari faaliyetlere verdikleri \u00f6nem i\u00e7in bk: Ekrem Kalan, \u201cMo\u011follar Devrinde \u0130pek Yolu\u201d, \u0130pek Yolu, ed. Ahmet Ta\u015fa\u011f\u0131l, T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne Hizmet Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2015, s. 93- 108; Muhammed Emin Ko\u00e7ak, \u201cMo\u011follar Zaman\u0131nda Ticaretin Be\u015fi\u011fi: \u0130pek Yolu\u201d, Genel T\u00fcrk Tarihi Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, 23 Nizam\u00fcddin \u015eami, Zafern\u00e2me, \u00e7ev. Necati Lugal, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1987, s. 73; \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s. 99; Syed Jamaluddin, \u201cSamarqand as the First City in the World Under Timur\u201d, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress,LVI (1995), s. 858.<\/p>\n 24 \u015eami, a.g.e., s.292. 30 Clavijo, a.g.e., s. 176. 36 Lisa Golombek- Donald Wilber, The Timurid Archilecture of Iran and Turan, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1988, 45 \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, a.g.e., s. 378-379. Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n Aka, \u0130smail, \u201cEmir Timur ve \u0130mar Faaliyetleri\u201d, Makaleler I, haz. S. Yal\u00e7\u0131n-\u015e. Gedikli, Berikan \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, Ac\u00e2ibu\u2019l Makd\u00fbr (Bozk\u0131rdan Gelen Bela), \u00e7ev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Yezdi, \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali, Zafern\u00e2me, \u00e7ev. D. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2013. Muhammed Emin KO\u00c7AK \u00d6zet Ad\u0131n\u0131 kurucusu Timur\u2019dan alan Timurlular Devleti, Orta Asya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli co\u011frafyalarda h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Timurlular, h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131na ald\u0131klar\u0131 memleketleri ilm\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sanatsal olarak etkilemi\u015f ve kendisinden sonra kurulan devletler ve hanl\u0131klar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6rnek al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Timurlu Devleti, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n miras\u0131 \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftur. \u00c7a\u011fatay hanlar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olarak Timurlu h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 \u015fehirlerde oturmu\u015flar […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3982","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-turk-dunyasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3982","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3982"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3982\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3987,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3982\/revisions\/3987"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3982"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3982"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3982"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nkabilelerini birle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve b\u00fcnyesine katt\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrk unsurlar ile beraber \u00e7e\u015fitli co\u011frafyalar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Bu co\u011frafyalardan birisi de Semerkant\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunduran M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir\u2019dir. 1218 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen Otrar hadisesi, Mo\u011follar ile H\u00e2rezim\u015fahlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirmi\u015ftir. Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6nderilen 450 ki\u015filik t\u00fcccar kafilesi, H\u00e2rizim\u015fahlar\u2019\u0131n Otrar valisi \u0130nalc\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f ve ya\u011fmalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mo\u011follar, zarar\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in taleplerde bulunmu\u015f ve istekleri\u00a0 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyince sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 13 Bu olaydan sonra Cengiz\u2019in, 1219\u2019\u0131n yaz aylar\u0131nda ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bat\u0131 seferi neticesinde, Semerkant dahil olmak \u00fczere M\u00e2ver\u00e2\u00fcnnehir\u2019in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irilmi\u015ftir.14 Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131na u\u011frayan baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde bulunan el-C\u00fbzc\u00e2n\u00ee, Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n 1220\u2019de Semerkant\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek, \u015fehri tahrip etti\u011fini ve onlarca insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc aktarmaktad\u0131r. 15 Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n bu seferinin Semerkant\u2019\u0131n \u015fehir hayat\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar verdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Mo\u011follar\u0131n Semerkant h\u00e2kimiyeti ile \u015fehir, tam bir harabeye d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. C\u00fcveyn\u00ee, \u015fehirde 30 bine yak\u0131n insan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve binlerce sanatk\u00e2r\u0131n Cengiz\u2019in o\u011fullar\u0131na ve yak\u0131nlara verildi\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir. 16 Cengiz\u2019in, Semerkant\u2019\u0131 istilas\u0131ndan sonra, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki modern Semerkant\u2019\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanda yeni bir \u015fehir kuruldu\u011fu bilinmektedir.<\/p>\n
\nMo\u011fol \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na dahil olan b\u00f6lgeleri kapsamas\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Bu ba\u011flamda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kuzeyi
\nve Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi \u00dc\u00e7 Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sefer (1386-1388), Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya h\u00e2kim olmak ad\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nBe\u015f Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sefer (1392-1397), Hint Seferi (1398-99), Anadolu, \u0130ran, Irak co\u011frafyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ine alan Yedi
\nY\u0131ll\u0131k Seferi (1399-1404) ve son olarak 1404\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7in seferi ile yukar\u0131da zikredilen ama\u00e7lara
\nula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nfaaliyetleri sayesinde ad\u0131n\u0131n unutulmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi onun ileri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne bir \u00f6rnek te\u015fkil etmektedir. Nitekim 1863\u2019de Semerkant\u2019ta bulunan T\u00fcrkolog ve seyyah Arminius V\u00e1mb\u00e9ry (\u00f6.1913), Semerkant halk\u0131n\u0131n Timur\u2019dan bahsederken, onu unutmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve Timur\u2019un hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131n halk aras\u0131nda canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korudu\u011funu ifade etmektedir.25<\/p>\n
\nkonusu \u00fcr\u00fcnler d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndan buraya geliyor. Semerkant\u2019a gelen baharat d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en k\u0131ymetli baharat\u0131 say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Semerkant\u2019\u0131n kasaplar\u0131 eti baharatl\u0131 ve ekmekle birlikte sat\u0131yor. Bunlar \u00e7e\u015fitli av aletlerini gayet temiz bir \u015fekilde ve son derece itinal\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Semerkant\u2019\u0131n zenginli\u011fi ve ihti\u015fam\u0131 ak\u0131llar\u0131 durduracak mahiyettedir. Semerkant\u2019\u0131n sanatlar\u0131 me\u015fhurdur. Burada bir\u00e7ok ipek \u00fcretim yerleri var. \u0130pekten ba\u015fka s\u0131rmal\u0131 elbiseler, reng\u00e2renk kuma\u015flar ve k\u00fcrkler imal ediliyor.\u201d32 Clavijo\u2019nun Semerkant tasviri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015fehrin, Timur zaman\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
\nkorudu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine ula\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nhareketle Timur\u2019un belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n, bir mimar gibi Semerkant\u2019\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00f6zde merkezi haline getirme \u00e7abas\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
\notoritesinin de bir yans\u0131mas\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. 36<\/p>\n
\nTimur\u2019un Semerkant\u2019ta in\u015fa ettirdi\u011fi nadide eserlerinden biri olan G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer T\u00fcrbesi\u2019nin yap\u0131m\u0131na 1399 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130n\u015faat s\u00fcrecinde bizzat Timur\u2019un emriyle \u00e7e\u015fitli de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Timur, 1404\u2019de Yedi Y\u0131ll\u0131k Sefer\u2019den Semerkant\u2019a d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde medresenin yan k\u0131sm\u0131na y\u00fcksek\u00e7e bir t\u00fcrbe ve g\u00fczel bir bah\u00e7e yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131
\nemretmi\u015ftir. Timur, istedi\u011fi yap\u0131lar\u0131n yap\u0131m\u0131na bizzat nezaret etmi\u015ftir. \u0130n\u015faat\u0131n tam anlam\u0131yla 1405 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer T\u00fcrbesi\u2019nin ayn\u0131 zamanda bir k\u00fclliye \u00f6zelli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131makta olup medrese ve hang\u00e2h yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu bilinmektedir.40<\/p>\n
\nsonra k\u00fclliye, G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer (h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n t\u00fcrbesi) ad\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve aile mezarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer\u2019e, Timur\u2019un o\u011fullar\u0131ndan \u015eahruh Mirza, Miran\u015fah ve Timur\u2019un torunu olan Ulu\u011f Bey Mirza olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok hanedan \u00fcyesi defnedilmi\u015ftir.42 Timur\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 duydu\u011fu Seyyid Bereke43 de bu t\u00fcrbede defnedilen ve Timurlu hanedan\u0131ndan olmayan tek ki\u015fidir. 44 G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer\u2019in zamanla insanlar\u0131n dilekler diledi\u011fi ve adaklar ada\u011f\u0131 bir yer haline geldi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Timur\u2019dan sonra h\u00e2kimiyeti ele ge\u00e7iren h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131n, t\u00fcrbenin \u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erken sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stergesi olarak ba\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 e\u011ferek ge\u00e7tikleri bilinmektedir. 45<\/p>\n
\nmilletlerden m\u00fchendisler ve ustalar in\u015fa faaliyetine kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u011f, dikd\u00f6rtgen \u015feklinde planm\u0131\u015f, her bir taraf\u0131n\u0131n uzunlu\u011fu 1500 kar\u0131 (750 m) olarak yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buraya bir\u00e7ok meyve a\u011fa\u00e7lar\u0131 dikilmi\u015f, g\u00fcl bah\u00e7eleri yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, gezintiye \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in meydanlar olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Ayr\u0131ca bah\u00e7enin i\u00e7ine ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ipekli \u00e7ad\u0131rlar kurulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u011f-\u0131 Dilku\u015fa salt bir bah\u00e7e g\u00f6revi g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, Timur\u2019un el\u00e7ilere kabul etti\u011fi bir mek\u00e2n olarak da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 50 Ba\u011f-\u0131 Nev ise, Ba\u011f-\u0131 \u015eimal\u2019in g\u00fcney taraf\u0131nda kalmakta olup, 1404 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmektedir. Ba\u011f-\u0131 Nev, duvarlar ile \u00e7evrili, i\u00e7erisinde bir k\u00f6\u015fk ve havuz bar\u0131nd\u0131ran geni\u015f bir alana kurulmu\u015ftur. Timur\u2019un bu bah\u00e7ede, ziyafetler verdi\u011fi ve kendisine gelen el\u00e7ileri gezdirdi\u011fi bilinmektedir. 51 Timur zaman\u0131nda kurulan bah\u00e7eler sadece h\u00fck\u00fcmdar ve ailesine ait de\u011fildir. Timur seferde iken Semerkant\u2019ta ya\u015fayan halk zengin-fakir ay\u0131rt etmeksizin bah\u00e7elere al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Burada yeti\u015fen \u00fcrenler, halka \u00fccretsiz olarak da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Timurlular\u0131n, sosyal
\ndevlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131na sahip olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmdar olan Timur\u2019un seferlerinin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve ona dair anlat\u0131lan korkun\u00e7 hikayeler \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden y\u0131llar sonra bile unutulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda imar faaliyetlerine de \u00f6nem veren bilge bir h\u00fck\u00fcmdar olmu\u015ftur. Bilim adamlar\u0131na ve ulemaya sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015f, ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi \u00fclkelerden toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kalifiye insanlar\u0131 Semerkant\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirmi\u015f, \u015fehrin fiziki ve sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle de\u011fi\u015ftirecek radikal kararlar alarak, Timurlu medeniyetinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131
\nsa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Timur, Semerkant\u2019ta in\u015fas\u0131n\u0131 emretti\u011fi eserlerin yap\u0131m\u0131na bazen bizzat kendisi kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, bazen de b\u00fcy\u00fck emirlerine ve \u015fehzadelere g\u00f6rev vermi\u015ftir. Onun belki de en b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131, bir mimar gibi Semerkant\u2019\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00f6zde merkezi haline getirme \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r. Timur, s\u00f6z konusu iste\u011fini sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Semerkant \u015fehri, as\u0131l h\u00fcviyetine onun sayesinde kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Timur zaman\u0131nda, Do\u011fu \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n parlayan bir y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131 haline gelen Semerkant, onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonrada bu \u00f6zelli\u011fini devam ettirmi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019un sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Semerkant\u2019ta olu\u015fan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, ilm\u00ee ve sosyal geli\u015fme, \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra torunu Ulu\u011f Bey taraf\u0131ndan etkili bir \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ulu\u011f Bey zaman\u0131nda kurulan Semerkant Astronomi ve Matematik Okulu sayesinde, \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda felsefe ve bilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Timurlu \u00fclkesinde d\u00fczeninin bozulmas\u0131yla, Semerkant Okulu\u2019nda yeti\u015fen alimler, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00fclkelerine da\u011f\u0131larak Semerkant\u2019\u0131n bilgi birikimini, himaye edildikleri devletlere aktarm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Timurlu \u00fclkesinden giden Ali Ku\u015f\u00e7u ve Fethullah \u015eirvan\u00ee gibi alimler, devrin ilm\u00ee
\nkonular\u0131nda otorite say\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu alimlerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda bilimin y\u00fckseli\u015fini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 52 T\u00fcm bu s\u00fcrecin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda Timur\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck bir pay\u0131 vard\u0131r. Onun meydana getirdi\u011fi ve ard\u0131llar\u0131na b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Semerkant miras\u0131, torunlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilerek ettirilmi\u015f, \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda akli-riyazi ilimlerin \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n vererek, Avrupa\u2019da \u201cTimurlu R\u00f6nesans\u2019\u0131\u201d tabirinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na olanak sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n3 Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, a.g.e., s. 97.
\n4 Edward Bunbury, A History of Ancient Geography, Cambridge University Press, London 1987, s. 135; H. H. Schaeder- C.
\nE. Bosworth \u201cSamarkand\u201d, Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI2
\n), C. VIII, Leiden 1995, s. 1032.
\n5 Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, a.g.e., s. 88.
\n6 Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, a.g.e., s. 89.
\n7 K\u00e2\u015fgarl\u0131 Mahmud, Divan\u00fc L\u00fbgati\u2019t T\u00fcrk, \u00e7ev. Besim Atalay, C.III, T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 1985, s. 150.
\n8 Hamilton A. R. Gibb, The Arab Conquests In Central Asia, Ams Press, New York 1970, s. 47; Zekeriya Kitap\u00e7\u0131, \u201cOrta Asya\u2019n\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Araplar Taraf\u0131ndan Fethi\u201d, T\u00fcrkler, ed. H.C. G\u00fczel- K. \u00c7i\u00e7ek- S. Koca, C. IV, Yeni T\u00fcrkiye Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2002, s. 474-476.
\n9 So\u011fd b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in bk: Ahmet Ta\u015fa\u011f\u0131l, \u201cSo\u011fd\u201d, D\u0130A, C. XXXVII, \u0130stanbul 2009, s. 348-349; Strange, a.g.e., s. 460-473.
\n10 Yak\u00fbb\u00ee, Kit\u00e2b\u00fc\u2019l-B\u00fcld\u00e2n, \u00e7ev. Murat A\u011far\u0131, Ay\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kitaplar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2002, s. 39; \u0130bn Hurd\u00e2zbih, Yollar ve \u00dclkeler Kitab\u0131, \u00e7ev. Murat A\u011far\u0131, Kitabevi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2008, s. 147; Bel\u00e2zur\u00ee, F\u00fct\u00fbh\u2019ul B\u00fcld\u00e2n, \u00e7ev. Mustafa Fayda, Siyer Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2013 s. 483; \u0130bn R\u00fcsteh, el-\u00c2\u2019l\u00e2ki\u2019n Nef\u00eese, \u00e7ev. Ali Fuat Eker, Ankara Okulu, Ankara 2017 s. 124.
\n11 Ayd\u0131nl\u0131, a.g.e., s. 356.
\n12 David Morgan, The Mongols, Basil Blackwell, USA 1987, s. 74; Mo\u011follar\u0131n Gizli Tarihi I, \u00e7ev. Ahmet Temir, TTK
\nYay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2016, s. 133-134.<\/p>\n
\nI\/I (2019), s. 37-46.
\n14 Al\u00e2eddin At\u00e2 Melik C\u00fcveyn\u00ee, Tarih-i Cihan G\u00fc\u015fa, \u00e7ev. M\u00fcrsel \u00d6zt\u00fcrk, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2013, s. 129-147.
\n15 Min\u00e2c-\u0131 Sir\u00e2c el-C\u00fbzc\u00e2n\u00ee, Tabak\u00e2t-\u0131 N\u00e2s\u0131r\u00ee (Mo\u011fol \u0130stilas\u0131na Dair Kay\u0131tlar), \u00e7ev. Mustafa Uyar, \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat, \u0130stanbul 2016, s. 58.
\n16 C\u00fcveyn\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 147.
\n17 C\u00fcveyn\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 248; el-C\u00fbzc\u00e2n\u00ee, a.g.e., s. 124; Hamdullah M\u00fcstevf\u00ee-yi Kazvin\u00ee, T\u00e2rih-i G\u00fczide, \u00e7ev. M\u00fcrsel \u00d6zt\u00fcrk,
\nTTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2018, s. 475.
\n18 Mustafa Kafal\u0131, \u00c7a\u011fatay Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (1227-1345), Berikan Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara 2005, s. 67-68.
\n19 Eb\u00fb Abdullah Muhammed \u0130bn Batt\u00fbta Tanc\u00ee, \u0130bn Batt\u00fbta Seyahatnamesi, \u00e7ev, A. Sait Aykut, C.I, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2004, s. 527.
\n20 Timur\u2019un do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7in bk: Beatrice Forbes Manz, \u201cTamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty\u201d \u00e7ev. Musa \u015eamil Y\u00fcksel, Tarih \u0130ncelemeleri Dergisi, XV (2000), s. 264-265.
\n21 \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, Zafern\u00e2me, \u00e7ev. D. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2013, s. 24-25; \u0130smail Aka, Timur ve Devleti, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2014, s. 6.
\n22 Timur\u2019un soyu i\u00e7in bk: Zeki Velidi Togan, \u201cEmir Timur\u2019un Soyuna Dair Bir Ara\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d, \u00e7ev. \u0130smail Aka, Tarih Dergisi, XXVI (1972), s. 75-84.<\/p>\n
\n25 Arminius V\u00e1mb\u00e9ry, Bir Sahte Dervi\u015fin Orta Asya Gezisi, haz. N. Ahmet \u00d6zalp, Ses Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1993, s. 174.
\n26 Ruy Gonz\u00e2les de Clavijo, Anadolu Orta Asya ve Timur, \u00e7ev. \u00d6mer R\u0131za Do\u011frul, Ses Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1993, s. 176;
\nJohannes Sch\u0131ltberger, T\u00fcrkler ve Tatarlar Aras\u0131nda (1394-1427), \u00e7ev. Turgut Akp\u0131nar, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1997, s.65; \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, Ac\u00e2ibu\u2019l Makd\u00fbr (Bozk\u0131rdan Gelen Bela), \u00e7ev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2012 s. 101-173-272-273; \u0130smail Aka, \u201cTimur Sadece Bir Asker Mi \u0130di?\u201d, Makaleler II, haz. S. Yal\u00e7\u0131n-\u015e. Gedikli, Berikan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2005, s. 115; Musa \u015eamil Y\u00fcksel, \u201cOrta\u00e7a\u011flarda Beyin G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ve Etkileri: Timurlular \u00d6rne\u011fi\u201d, OTAM, XLI (2017), s. 287-288.
\n27 Abdurrahman C\u00e2m\u00ee, Nefah\u00e2t\u00fc\u2019l-\u00dcns (Evliy\u00e2 Menk\u0131beleri), \u00e7ev. L\u00e2mi\u00ee \u00c7elebi, haz. S. Uluda\u011f- M. Kara, Marifet Yay\u0131nlar\u0131\u0130stanbul 1998, s. 699.
\n28 \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s. 123.
\n29 Clavijo, a.g.e., s. 176-177.<\/p>\n
\n31 Manole Neogoe, Bozk\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7 Atl\u0131s\u0131 (Atilla-Cengiz Han-Timur), \u00e7ev. M\u00fcstecip \u00dclk\u00fcsal, \u00c7at\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2004, s.158.
\n32 Clavijo, a.g.e., s. 139-171-175-177.
\n33 Zah\u00eer\u00fcdd\u00een Bab\u00fcr, Bab\u00fcrn\u00e2me (Bab\u00fcr\u2019\u00fcn Hat\u0131rat\u0131), \u00e7ev. Re\u015fit Rahmeti Arat, C. I, Milli E\u011fitim Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul 1979, s.70-73.
\n34 Musa \u015eamil Y\u00fcksel, \u201cArap Kaynaklar\u0131na G\u00f6re Timur ve Din\u201d, Tarih \u0130ncelemeleri Dergisi, XXIII (2015), s. 240.
\n35 Nizam\u00fcddin \u015eami, a.g.e., s. 253; \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s. 306.<\/p>\n
\ns. 256; Engin Beksa\u00e7, \u201cB\u00eeb\u00ee Han\u0131m Cami\u201d, D\u0130A, C.VI, \u0130stanbul 1992, s. 125-126; Attilio Petruccioli, \u201cBukhara and
\nSamarkand\u201d, The City in the Islamic World, ed. Salma K. Jayyusi, C.I, Brill, Leiden 2008 s. 512; Ardi Kia, Central Asian
\nCultures, Arts, and Architecture, Lexington Books, Maryland 2015, s. 62. Aleksandr Yakubovskiy, Timur ve Timur\u00eeler
\nZaman\u0131nda Semerkand, \u00e7ev. Sabur Rasol, haz. \u0130lyas Kemalo\u011flu, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2018, s. 40.
\n37 \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s.436; \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, a.g.e., s. 356; Clavijo, a.g.e., s.172.
\n38 \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, a.g.e., s. 357.
\n39 Zah\u00eer\u00fcdd\u00een Bab\u00fcr, a.g.e., s. 56; \u0130smail Aka, \u201cEmir Timur ve \u0130mar Faaliyetleri\u201d, Makaleler I, haz. S. Yal\u00e7\u0131n-\u015e. Gedikli, Berikan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2005, s. 11.
\n40 Golombek- Wilber, a.g.e., s. 260-261; Clavijo, a.g.e., s. 169; \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s. 436.
\n41 John E. Woods, The Timurid Dynasty, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies, Indiana University, Bloomington 1990, s.29.
\n42 Golombek- Wilber, a.g.e., s. 260-261; \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, a.g.e., s. 325.; \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s.459; G\u00fbr-\u0131 Em\u00eer i\u00e7inbk: A. Semenov, \u201cG\u00fbr-u Em\u00eer T\u00fcrbesinde Timur\u2019un ve Ahfad\u0131n\u0131n Mezar Kitabeleri\u201d, \u00e7ev. Abd\u00fclkadir \u0130nan, Belleten,XXIV\/93, (1960), s. 139-169.
\n43 Seyyid Bereke i\u00e7in bk: Musa \u015eamil Y\u00fcksel, Timurlularda Din ve Devlet \u0130li\u015fkisi, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2009, s. 99-102.
\n44 \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s. 462.<\/p>\n
\n46 Maria Eva Subtenly, Timurids in Transition (Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran), Brill, LeidenBoston 2007, s. 130-131.
\n47 Lisa Golombek, \u201cThe Gardens of Timur: New Perspectives\u201d, Muqarnas, XII (1995), s. 137; \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s.172.
\n48 \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, a.g.e., s. 441; \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s. 270.
\n49 \u0130bni Arab\u015fah, a.g.e., s. 441.
\n50 Nizam\u00fcddin \u015eami, a.g.e., s. 205; Clavijo, a.g.e., s. 144; \u015eeref\u00fcddin Ali Yezdi, a.g.e., s. 274-275.
\n51 Clavijo, a.g.e., s. 145-146<\/p>\n
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\n_________________, Timurlularda Din ve Devlet \u0130li\u015fkisi, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara 2009.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"