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<\/h3>\n<\/h3>\nDo\u00e7. Dr.Sadettin Ba\u015ft\u00fc<\/em>rk<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6zet<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n XIV. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan imparatorlu\u011fuyla Semerkant\u2019ta tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kan Timur, Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Timur, 1393\u20131402 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu \u00fczerine, Timurlu olmam\u0131\u015f herhangi bir co\u011frafya b\u0131rakmamak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle seferler d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu- Anadolu seferleri d\u00f6neminde bu co\u011frafyada bulunan b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7e\u015fitli siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 Timur\u2019a destek vererek onunla m\u00fcttefik olurken baz\u0131lar\u0131 da kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu\u2019ya gelmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Osmanl\u0131lar, Meml\u00fbklar ve di\u011ferleri, Timur istil\u00e2s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmek i\u00e7in m\u00fcttefik olma \u00e7abalar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu seferleriyle birlikte Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmek i\u00e7in Ortado\u011fu- Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda bulunan siyasal g\u00fc\u00e7lerden baz\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ittifak \u00e7abalar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 incelenecektir.<\/p>\n Giri\u015f<\/strong><\/p>\n Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kan Timur<\/em>, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bir yer te\u015fkil eder. \u00c7a\u011fatay ulusunun Barulas (Barlas) kabilesi mensubu olup soyu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra, torunu Ulu\u011f Bey <\/em>taraf\u0131ndan, dedesinin mezar\u0131 \u00fczerine dikilen ye\u015fim ta\u015f\u0131na <\/em>kaydedilmi\u015ftir. Bu ta\u015ftaki bilgiye g\u00f6re Cengiz Han <\/em>ile Timur\u2019<\/em>un soyu birle\u015fmektedir.1<\/sup><\/p>\n Timur, daha gen\u00e7 ya\u015f\u0131nda iken Mavera\u00fcnnehir <\/em>b\u00f6lgesinde hakim olan karga\u015fadan istifade etmek istemi\u015ftir. Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan<\/em>\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekte olan \u0130li Mo\u011follar\u2019\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Tu\u011fluk Timur<\/em>\u2019un 1360 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mavera\u00fcnnehir<\/em>\u2019e geldigi d\u00f6nemde burada bulunan baz\u0131 beyler b\u00f6lgeyi terk ettikleri halde O, terk etmeyerek Tu\u011fluk Timur<\/em>\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise atalar\u0131n\u0131n yurdu olan Ke\u015f <\/em>ve \u00e7evresi kendisine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.2<\/sup> Nihayet 33 ya\u015f\u0131nda Mavera\u00fcnnehir <\/em>b\u00f6lgesinde giri\u015fti\u011fi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fccadeleden sonra, 1365\u2019te Belh\u2019<\/em>i de hakimiyet sahas\u0131na alarak, b\u00f6lgede hakim duruma gelmi\u015ftir. Bu b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Mo\u011follar\u2019<\/em>\u0131n Karaunaslar <\/em>kabilesi beyi, Emir Kazgan<\/em>\u2019\u0131n torunu, Emir H\u00fcseyin<\/em>\u2019in bertaraf edilmesiyle 9 <\/em>Nisan 1371 tarihinde Semerkand<\/em>\u2019a gelerek \u00c7a\u011fatay <\/em>taht\u0131na oturmu\u015ftur.3<\/sup> K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede \u0130dil Nehri\u2019nden Ganj Nehri\u2019ne, Tanr\u0131 Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019ndan \u0130zmir ve \u015eam\u2019a kadar uzanan co\u011frafyada kendi ad\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu imparatorlu\u011funu kurmu\u015ftur.4<\/sup><\/p>\n Timur, hakimiyetine almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir co\u011frafya b\u0131rakmaks\u0131z\u0131n bir cihan imparatorlu\u011fu kurmak gayesiyle h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan edi\u015finden hemen sonra \u00e7ok geni\u015f istila faaliyetine ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.5<\/sup> Bu gaye do\u011frultusunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi seferlerden bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1393\u2019te ba\u015flat\u0131p 1403\u2019te sonu\u00e7land\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu seferleridir.<\/p>\n Timur ve faaliyetleri hakk\u0131ndaki bilginin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Fars\u00e7a ve Arap\u00e7a kaynaklarda yer almakla birlikte ilk d\u00f6nem Osmanl\u0131 m\u00fcelliflerinde bulunan kay\u0131tlar da olduk\u00e7a m\u00fchimdir. Bu kaynaklar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da k\u0131ymetli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda, bahsedilen seferler d\u00f6neminde Anadolu-Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki siyasi durum nas\u0131ld\u0131r? Timur\u2019u bu co\u011frafyaya seferler d\u00fczenlemeye te\u015fvik eden ba\u015fka ne gibi sebepler vard\u0131r?<\/p>\n Timur tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Anadolu merkezli hangi siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7lerce ittifak kurma \u00e7abalar\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f ve nas\u0131l sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Timur\u2019un bu seferleri, \u00f6zellikle Anadolu T\u00fcrk-\u0130slam tarihi k\u0131smen de Ortado\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, ne gibi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur? Yukar\u0131daki sorulara cevap bulabilmek ad\u0131na bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131ndan yo\u011funlukla Anadolu hakk\u0131nda bilgi ihtiva eden kaynak eserler ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmalardan faydalan\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n XIV. Asr\u0131n Sonlar\u0131nda Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun Siyasi Durumu:<\/strong><\/p>\n Timur 1393\u2019te Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu \u00fczerine seferlere ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaman bu co\u011frafyalarda siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc \u015f\u00f6yle idi: Orta Anadolu\u2019da Kayseri-Sivas b\u00f6lgesinde, 1381\u2019den beri Eretna Devleti\u2019nin idaresini eline ge\u00e7iren Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed bulunuyordu. Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin, Orta Anadolu ve Dani\u015fmendiye topraklar\u0131na sahip olma politikas\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 iktisadi hayat\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi haiz Tebriz-Tokat-Bursa ticaret yolunu kontrol edecek \u00f6nemli merkezleri ele ge\u00e7irerek Ankara\u2019y\u0131 da tehdit edecek kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc duruma gelmi\u015fti.6<\/sup> Konya ve m\u00fclhakat\u0131nda ise, kendilerini Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren bir anlay\u0131\u015fla hareket eden, ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Osmanl\u0131 tabiiyetine girmi\u015f durumda bulunan Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi vard\u0131. Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed Devleti\u2019ne ve Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 yurtlar\u0131nda tutunma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kendileri i\u00e7in bir koruyucu g\u00fc\u00e7 aramaktayd\u0131. Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusunda Erzincan ve \u00e7evresinde ise, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir emir \u015feklinde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettiren Emir Mutahharten (baz\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re ise Taharten) vard\u0131. Emir Mutahharten, Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed\u2019le m\u00fccadele halinde ve Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 gibi Anadolu\u2019daki geli\u015fmelerden olumsuz etkilendi\u011finden kendisi i\u00e7in koruyucu bulma \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeydi. Bu sebeple 1386-87 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri de Timur ile ili\u015fki i\u00e7erisinde bulunuyordu. Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fu ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda ise liderli\u011fini Kara Yusuf\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Karakoyunlular vard\u0131. Karakoyunlular ayn\u0131 tarihlerde b\u00f6lgelerinde n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirme m\u00fccadelesi veren bir T\u00fcrkmen siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fc idi. Elbistan- Mara\u015f \u00e7evresinde de Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi bulunuyordu. Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi, Meml\u00fbklu siyasi bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda bunalm\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131kacak bir olaydan yararlanmak i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat bekliyordu. 1393- 94\u2019lerde liderli\u011fini Ahmed Bey\u2019in yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, hen\u00fcz bir siyasi kurulu\u015f haline gelememi\u015f ve Karakoyunlular\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleyi de kaybetmi\u015f olarak Kayseri-Sivas topraklar\u0131nda m\u00fclteci hayat\u0131 s\u00fcrmekte olan Akkoyunlular mevcut bulunuyordu. Ba\u011fdat (Irak-\u0131 Arap)\u2019ta ise, Celayirliler\u2019in son temsilcisi Celayirli Ahmed bulunuyordu.7<\/sup> O da Timur\u2019un bask\u0131s\u0131na dayanamayarak, memleketini terk ile Meml\u00fbklu Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda dikkate de\u011fer iki siyasal te\u015fekk\u00fcl vard\u0131. Bunlardan Ortado\u011fu\u2019da olan\u0131, merkezleri Kahire olan ve topraklar\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da Malatya\u2019ya kadar uzanan Meml\u00fbklu Devleti idi. Taht\u0131nda Sultan Berkuk\u2019un bulundu\u011fu \u00c7erkez as\u0131ll\u0131 Meml\u00fbk Devleti, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc d\u00f6nemlerinden birini ya\u015f\u0131yordu ama \u00fclkede taht m\u00fccadeleleri de eksik de\u011fildi.8<\/sup> \u0130kincisi ise, Anadolu\u2019nun bat\u0131 u\u00e7lar\u0131nda ve Rumeli\u2019de kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck muvaffakiyetler sonucu, b\u00fct\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019da siyasi birlikteli\u011fi sa\u011flama gayreti i\u00e7erisinde olan, 1389\u2019dan beri taht\u0131nda Y\u0131ld\u0131rm Bayezid\u2019in bulundu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131 Devleti vard\u0131.9<\/sup> Bayezid, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde k\u00f6kl\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yapman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Anadolu\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri ve siyasi harek\u00e2ta giri\u015fmi\u015fti. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid, Karamano\u011flu Aleaddin Ali Bey\u2019in \u00f6nderli\u011fini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, Anadolu T\u00fcrkmen Beyliklerinin<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 direni\u015fini (Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Anadolu hakimiyetine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6sterdikleri) k\u0131rarak onlar\u0131 tamamen etkisiz hale getirme ve Anadolu\u2019da siyasi birli\u011fi Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyeti alt\u0131nda sa\u011flama hareketini s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Bu do\u011frultuda 1390-92 aras\u0131nda, Anadolu\u2019nun bat\u0131 taraflar\u0131nda bulunan Ayd\u0131n, Saruhan, Germiyan, Mente\u015fe, Teke ve Hamid T\u00fcrkmen Beylikleri\u2019nin hakimiyetlerine son verilmi\u015f Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019yu Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, 1390 sonbahar\u0131nda ise Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 topraklar\u0131na girerek Konya\u2019ya kadar sokulmu\u015f, beyli\u011fi Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019a t\u00e2bi hale getirmi\u015fti. 1392 ilkbahar\u0131nda da Candaro\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi topraklar\u0131na girerek beyli\u011fin, Sinop hari\u00e7, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in Anadolu siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flama yolundaki bu faaliyetleri, Anadolu T\u00fcrkmen Beylikleri hanedan mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 husumetini artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu hanedan mensuplar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla Anadolu\u2019yu terk edtmiler, 1386-87\u2019den beri Anadolu\u2019nun \u015fark\u0131nda, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde beliren Timur\u2019un yan\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. I. Bayezid\u2019in Anadolu\u2019daki T\u00fcrkmen beyliklerine son verme faaliyeti, Orta Anadolu\u2019yu elinde tutan \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed\u2019i Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n tazy\u00eeki alt\u0131nda bulunan siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcllerin koruyucusu durumuna getirmi\u015ftir. Hatta Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin, Orta Anadolu\u2019da hakimiyet tesis edebilmek ad\u0131na I. Beyezid\u2019le 1392 yaz\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u0131rkdilim Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 Kad\u0131 Burhanedin Ahmed\u2019i Orta Anadolu\u2019da daha da etkin bir siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7 haline getirmi\u015fti.10<\/sup>\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed\u2019in, Memluklu m\u00fclk\u00fc olan Malatya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi, O\u2019nu Memluk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile de siyasi m\u00fccadele i\u00e7erisine itmi\u015fti.11<\/sup><\/p>\n 1393 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Mazenderan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Timur\u2019un, Orta Asya\u2019dan hareketle Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenlemesinde, bu co\u011frafyalarda mevcut yukar\u0131da bahsedilen siyasi par\u00e7al\u0131l\u0131k vaziyeti olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Cihangirlik iddias\u0131ndaki Timur\u2019un Anadolu-Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 istila etmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok uygun bir zemin olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Yukar\u0131dakilerde ba\u015fka Timur\u2019u bu b\u00f6lgeyi ele ge\u00e7irmeye iten sebeplerden \u00fczerinde pek durulmayan \u015fu durum olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Cihangirlik iddias\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan Timur, \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenledi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn topraklar\u0131n Cengiz Han ve ahfad\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu ve kendisini de buralar\u0131n do\u011fal miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle hareket etmesidir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce do\u011frultusunda Timur, atideki Orta Asya liderlerinin kurdu\u011fu gibi bir imparatorluk kurmu\u015ftur. Timur\u2019un imparatorlu\u011fu yerle\u015fik de\u011fil daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fayan kuvvetlere dayanmakta idi. Timur\u2019un siyasi, dini, ekonomik ve sosyal a\u00e7\u0131dan bir\u00e7ok avantaj vaat eden Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019yu istila etme, (kendisinden \u00f6nceki Mo\u011fol \u0130lhanl\u0131lar\u0131\u2019nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi) d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu \u00fczerine seferler d\u00fczenlerken hedeflerinden birisinin de bu noktalar oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Timur\u2019un Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu hakk\u0131ndaki bu anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bir benzerini daha sonra tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kan Akkoyunlu Uzun Hasan ve \u015eah \u0130smail\u2019de de a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu siyasi durum ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden sonra Timur, 1393 sonu 1394 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu Seferlerine Kar\u015f\u0131 Kurulmaya \u00c7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u0130ttifaklar:<\/strong><\/p>\n Mazenderan ve Fars\u2019\u0131 zapt ettikten sonra Timur, 1393 A\u011fustos\u2019unda Ba\u011fdat \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u011fdat\u2019da Celayirlilerin son temsilcisi olan Sultan Ahmed\u2019e de\u011ferli hediyeler g\u00f6ndererek hakimiyetini tan\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019dan korkan Sultan Ahmed bunu zahiren kabul etmi\u015f ama hakikatte kabul etmi\u015ftir. Ancak Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 koyacak g\u00fcc\u00fc kendisinde de g\u00f6remedi\u011finden D\u0131ma\u015fk (\u015eam)\u2019a y\u00f6nelmi\u015f oradan da Memluk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.12<\/sup> Bunun \u00fczerine Timur da arkas\u0131nda Timurlu olmam\u0131\u015f bir yer b\u0131rakmak i\u00e7in Anadolu ve Suriye\u2019ye y\u00f6nelmi\u015f \u00f6ncelikle Ba\u011fdat\u2019a y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Ba\u011fdat kap\u0131lar\u0131na gelip dayanmas\u0131, Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019da bulunan siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcller i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike do\u011furdu\u011fundan bu tehlike kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda tedbir almak i\u00e7in Anadolu merkezli ittifak kurma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130lk ittifak giri\u015fimi de Sivas ve Kahire aras\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015ftur.13<\/sup> Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmek i\u00e7in bir taraftan ittifak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fsa de di\u011fer tarafdan Anadolu\u2019da bulunan baz\u0131 T\u00fcrkmen beyliklerinde memnuniyet yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira kendilerini Osmanl\u0131lara ve Meml\u00fbklara kar\u015f\u0131 koruyabilecek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple Timur\u2019un geli\u015fi Anadolu\u2019da bulunan di\u011fer siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcllerden olan Karamano\u011fullar\u0131, Dulkadiro\u011fullar\u0131 ve Erzincan Emirli\u011fi\u2019nde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sevin\u00e7 do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Timur, Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra kuzeye do\u011fru harekete ge\u00e7erek Tekrit Yaylas\u0131\u2019na geldi\u011finde Erzincan Emiri, Karamano\u011flu, Dulkadiro\u011flu, Karakoyunlu ve Akkoyunlu beyleriyle14<\/sup> Sivas-Kayseri hakimi Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed\u2019e haber g\u00f6ndererek hakimiyetini tan\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Memluk Sultan\u0131 Berkuk\u2019a da kalabal\u0131k bir el\u00e7ilik heyeti g\u00f6ndererek kendisine itaat etmesini bildirmi\u015ftir.15<\/sup> Timur, daha gelecek cevaplar\u0131 beklemeden ileri harekat\u0131na devam etmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya gelerek Musul, Mardin ve Diyarbekir\u2019i fethedip, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuzeyindeki Alada\u011f\u2019a gelmi\u015ftir. Ahlat\u2019\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7iren Timur, Van G\u00f6l\u00fc \u00e7evresine inmi\u015f, Van \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u0131rada Erzincan Emiri Mutahharten\u2019nin el\u00e7isi \u00e7e\u015fitli hediyelerle gelmi\u015ftir. Emir\u2019in itaat etti\u011fini ve mektuptaki isteklerin de kabul edildi\u011fini Timur\u2019a bildirmi\u015ftir. Karamano\u011flu Alaeddin Bey de Timur\u2019un mektubuna, Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin ve I. Bayezid\u2019den intikam almak i\u00e7in, itaat etti\u011fi cevab\u0131n\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.16<\/sup> Alaeddin Bey mektubunda, Timur\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ister Ortado\u011fu ister Anadolu hangi tarafa y\u00fcr\u00fcyecek olursa olsun O\u2019na yard\u0131m edece\u011fini de ifade etmi\u015ftir. Dulkadiro\u011flu Suli Bey de g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi el\u00e7ileriyle Timur\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015f ve onu Suriye \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye davet etmi\u015ftir.17<\/sup><\/p>\n Memluk Sultan\u0131 Berkuk\u2019un Timur\u2019a cevab\u0131 ise nezdine gelen el\u00e7ileri \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek olmu\u015ftur. Timur da bunun \u00fczerine Suriye\u2019ye y\u00fcr\u00fcme karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin de Timur\u2019un kendisine itaat iste\u011fini reddetti\u011fi gibi gelen mektubun bir suretini Memluk Sultan\u0131 Berkuk\u2019a, bir suretini da Bayezid\u2019e g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak kurma yolunda te\u015febb\u00fcslere giri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin\u2019in bu \u00e7abalar\u0131 k\u0131sa zamanda sonu\u00e7 vermi\u015f, Bayezid-Berkuk-Toktam\u0131\u015f-Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin aras\u0131nda bir ittifak kurulmu\u015ftur. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan ittifak\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen Timur, bu ittifak\u0131 par\u00e7alamak \u00fczere harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015f ve Sivas\u2019a do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Ancak Erzurum\u2019a kadar gelen Timur\u2019un birden bire geri d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Timur, ittifak\u0131n kuzeydeki<\/p>\n \u00fcyesi Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 bertaraf etmek i\u00e7in Alt\u0131n Ordu \u00fczerine gitmeye karar vererek Anadolu\u2019yu terk etmi\u015ftir. Zira Timur, Anadolu\u2019ya girdi\u011finde g\u00fcneyden Meml\u00fbk, kuzeyden ise Alt\u0131n Ordu kuvvetlerinin \u00fczerine gelece\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla iki ate\u015f aras\u0131nda kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesap ederek, Anadolu i\u00e7ine y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc kesmi\u015f, kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan ittifak\u0131n kuzeydeki tek \u00fcyesi Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 saf d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etme harekat\u0131na y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu seferini yar\u0131da keserek Alt\u0131n Ordu \u00fczerine gitme sebebi kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na almak istemesidir. Zira 1391\u2019deki Kunduzca sava\u015f\u013118<\/sup> Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n mukadderat\u0131n\u0131 kesin olarak tayin etmemi\u015fti. Etraf\u0131nda toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuvvetlerle De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak\u2019ta yeniden b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelen Toktam\u0131\u015f, Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kurulan b\u00f6lgesel ittifaka da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.19<\/sup> Ayr\u0131ca Toktam\u0131\u015f, Timur\u2019un \u015eirvan taraflar\u0131ndaki topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti\u011fi gibi 1394-95 y\u0131llar\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn gayretini Berkuk ile sa\u011flam m\u00fcnasebetler kurmaya harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n bu giri\u015fimlerini haber alan Timur, De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak harekat\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve 1395 \u015eubat\u0131nda da Toktam\u0131\u015f \u00fczerine sefere \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 14 Nisan 1395\u2019te Terek Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 bir kez daha yenilgiye u\u011fratm\u0131\u015fsa da onu ele ge\u00e7irememi\u015ftir.20<\/sup> Buna \u00fcz\u00fclen Timur, Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n yeniden kuvvet toplayarak \u00fczerine gelmesini engellemek i\u00e7in,\u00a0 \u00d6z\u00fc (Dinyeper) \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 taraflar\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek Toktam\u0131\u015f ile birlikte hareket eden kabileleri ya\u011fmalam\u0131\u015f, onlar\u0131 Balkanlara do\u011fru s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Timur ileri harekat\u0131na devamla Ejderhan ve Berke Saray\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, ciddi bir mukavemet g\u00f6rmeden buralar\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Bu seferiyle Timur, Alt\u0131n Ordu Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe indirerek Alt\u0131n Ordu\u2019nun b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc hemen tamamen yok etmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla d\u00f6rtl\u00fc ittifaktan birisi bertaraf edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Timur\u2019un bu faaliyeti, gelecekte Orta Asya, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Avrupa, Anadolu, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu ve Rusya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Timur\u2019un kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu zafer Alt\u0131n Ordu\u2019nun gelece\u011fini tayin etmi\u015f, Avrupa ve Orta Asya aras\u0131ndaki ticarete b\u00fcy\u00fck bir darbe vurmu\u015f, eski ticaret yollar\u0131 kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.21<\/sup><\/p>\n Terek Sava\u015f\u0131 zaferi Timur\u2019a, Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019yu istila d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini\u00a0 uygulama alan\u0131na koyma olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer Timur, Terek Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Toktam\u0131\u015f\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015f olsayd\u0131, 1243\u2019teki K\u00f6seda\u011f sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 Mo\u011follar taraf\u0131ndan Anadolu\u2019da sergilenen sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasi anar\u015fi devri bir kez daha Timur\u2019la geri gelmeyecekti. Zira Anadolu, Osmanl\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131nda s\u00fcratle siyasi birlik ve beraberli\u011fe kavu\u015facak, Ortado\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ya\u011fmaya maruz kalmayacakt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Timur Terek Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 kazanarak, uzun vadede Ruslara da yard\u0131m etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Alt\u0131n Ordu Devleti art\u0131k Ruslar\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneye yay\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir tampon olmaktan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, Orta Asya ve Kafkasya ileride Ruslar\u0131n istilas\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k bir hale gelmi\u015ftir.22<\/sup> Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Orta Asya ve Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 istilas\u0131 T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131nda telafisi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan yaralar a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Toktam\u0131\u015f meselesini hallederek kuzey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan Timur, 1395-1396 k\u0131\u015f\u0131nda I. Bayezid\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi mektupta Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu ile ilgili niyetini a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201cSemerkant\u2019tan haber geldi ki, Toktam\u0131\u015f Han \u00fclkemiz \u00e7evresinde tahribata giri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak ve \u00d6zbek diyar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu ile d\u00f6nmeyi kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131k. Sizin de i\u015fitti\u011finiz gibi onun \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek Allah\u2019\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131 ile adamak\u0131ll\u0131 te\u2019dip ettik ve t\u00fcm ordusunu ve ma\u2019iyyet-i erk\u0101n\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irdik.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ordumuzu toplad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131na <\/em>giri\u015fti\u011fimiz, Toktam\u0131\u015f \u00fclkesi hakim ve valilerinin kula\u011f\u0131na gidince darmada\u011f\u0131n oldular. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 ka\u00e7arak \u00a0Kefe \u00a0Denizi \u00a0ve \u00a0K\u0131r\u0131m \u00a0surlar\u0131na \u00a0s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131lar. \u00a0Allah\u2019\u0131n \u00a0yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00a0onlar\u0131n \u00a0durumlar\u0131<\/em><\/p>\n b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn bozuldu. Bundan sonra, \u015fu s\u0131rada \u015eirvan \u00fclkesi k\u0131\u015flaklar\u0131nda k\u0131\u015flam\u0131\u015f bulunuyoruz. Biliniz ki; bu yaz Alada\u011f Yaylas\u0131nda yaylayaca\u011f\u0131m ve \u015eam (Suriye) taraf\u0131na y\u00fcr\u00fcmeyi kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f bulunuyorum. Bu sebeple birbirimize yak\u0131nla\u015faca\u011f\u0131m\u0131zdan, siz de, kendi durumunuzu bize bildiriniz. Halen g\u00fcney y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Derbend\u2019e muttas\u0131l olan Samuran ve Ab-\u0131 Samur\u2019da bulunmaktay\u0131m. E\u011fer sizin taraf\u0131n\u0131zdan bu taraf\u0131 bilen t\u00fcccar ve seyyah gelirse, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc r\u00fcs\u00fbmdan muaf tutarak sizin \u00e2sar-\u0131 s\u0131dk\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n tez\u00e2h\u00fcrat\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zleyece\u011fiz. Bizim dostlu\u011fumuzu kabul etti\u011finiz takdirde, bunu kuvveden fiile getiresiniz. \u015eayet sizin sadakatiniz ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez ise Allah\u2019\u0131n izniyle b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu ile \u00fczerinize y\u00fcr\u00fcr\u00fcz. Bu arada duyduk ki, Toktam\u0131\u015f ka\u00e7arak \u00d6zi (Dinyeper) \u0131rma\u011f\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mi\u015f Kefe deryas\u0131 sahilindeki surlar\u0131n ete\u011fine girmi\u015ftir. Siz e\u011fer, kafirlerle olan cenginizden ba\u015far\u0131 kazan\u0131rsan\u0131z, ben bu taraftan, siz o taraftan bu gibi m\u00fctemerridlerin def\u2018i i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7elim. Ge\u00e7en y\u0131l Irak-\u0131 Arab b\u00f6lgesine gitti\u011fim zaman (1393-94) \u015eam taraf\u0131na, ad\u0131 san\u0131 bilinmeyen bir \u00c7erkez o\u011flanc\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Berkuk) i\u00e7in hediyeler ve el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderdik, i\u015fitti\u011fimiz \u00fczere el\u00e7ileri haks\u0131z yere \u00f6ld\u00fcrtt\u00fc. \u015eimdi De\u015ft-i K\u0131p\u00e7ak i\u015fleri yoluna girdi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u015eam \u00fclkelerine hareket etme\u011fi tasarl\u0131yoruz. Allah\u2019\u0131n izni ile o \u00c7erkez o\u011flanc\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n cezas\u0131n\u0131 vermeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyoruz. Sivas kad\u0131c\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed) kendisinin hi\u00e7bir kuvveti olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fi halde kafas\u0131n\u0131 bozmu\u015f ve \u00c7erkez o\u011flanc\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile dostlu\u011fa girmi\u015fse de (burada b\u00f6lgesel ittifaktan s\u00f6z edilmektedir) ona da haddini bildirece\u011fiz.<\/em>\u201d23<\/sup> Timur bundan sonra haberle\u015fmenin devam etmesi arzusunu da belirterek s\u00f6zlerine son vermektedir. Timur\u2019un bu mektubundan, I. Bayezid\u2019i kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan b\u00f6lgesel ittifaktan \u00e7\u0131kmaya zorlamak suretiyle, ittifak\u0131 par\u00e7alama \u00e7abas\u0131 i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ancak Timur bunu ba\u015faramam\u0131\u015f ve Semerkant\u2019a d\u00f6nerek Hindistan seferine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.24<\/sup><\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Hindistan seferinde bulunmas\u0131ndan istifade eden ittifak \u00fcyeleri, onunla i\u015fbirli\u011fi halinde bulunan ve onu Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye te\u015fvik T\u00fcrkmen siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fclleriyle m\u00fccadeleye girmi\u015flerdir. Timur taraf\u0131ndan yurtlar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Karakoyunlular ve Celayirliler de ata yurtlar\u0131na yeniden sahip olabilmek amac\u0131yla m\u00fclklerinde kalan Timurlular ile m\u00fccadeleye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ittifak \u00fcyeleri, ittifak\u0131 peki\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in m\u00fcnasebetlerini de artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceden hareketle 1395-96\u2019da I. Bayezid, Kahire\u2019ye \u00f6nemli miktarda hediyelerle birlikte Zeyneddin Sefer \u015eah \u00f6nderli\u011finde bir el\u00e7ilik heyeti g\u00f6ndererek, 1394\u2019lerde kurulan b\u00f6lgesel ittifak\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Sultan Berkuk da Tolumin Ali \u015eah\u2019\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ba\u015fkentine g\u00f6ndermek suretiyle kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermi\u015ftir.25<\/sup> Bu y\u0131llarda Kahire ile Sivas ars\u0131nda da devaml\u0131 olarak el\u00e7ilik heyetleri gidip gelmi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019un, ittifak \u00fcyelerinden her birine ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 mektuplar g\u00f6ndermek suretiyle kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fan ittifak\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tabilme giri\u015fimi sonu\u00e7 vermedi\u011fi gibi ittifak \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndaki ba\u011flar\u0131 daha da kuvvetlendirmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Sultan Berkuk, s\u0131n\u0131r naiplikleri aras\u0131nda geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yaparak, Timur\u2019la i\u015fbirli\u011fi halinde olan ve Meml\u00fbk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aleyhine \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bulunan Arap kabilelerini cezaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dulkadiro\u011flu Suli Bey\u2019i de Timur\u2019un yan\u0131ndaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Halep naibi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ortadan kald\u0131rtt\u0131\u011f\u013126<\/sup> gibi Karamano\u011fullar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 koruma politikas\u0131n\u0131 da b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin de Berkuk gibi hareket ederek, Anadolu\u2019yu ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in Timur\u2019u tahrik ve te\u015fvik eden Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi ve Erzincan Emirli\u011fi\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. 1394 sonbahar\u0131 ve 1394-95 k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 tamamen Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 Beyli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadele ederek ge\u00e7iren Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin, beyli\u011fin bir\u00e7ok kalesini ve topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. Nihayet Ni\u011fde Kalesi\u2019ne<\/p>\n s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Karamano\u011flu Aleaddin Ali Bey bar\u0131\u015f istemi\u015f ve sulh yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.27<\/sup> Bu bar\u0131\u015ftan sonra Kayseri\u2019ye gelen Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin 1395 bahar\u0131nda, Timur\u2019a kat\u0131lanlardan ikincisi olan ve ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 Sivas taraflar\u0131na y\u00f6nelten, Mutahharten\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 h\u00fccuma ge\u00e7erek. Erzincan\u2019a girmi\u015ftir. Mutahharten\u2019e ait Ezdebir, Sis ve Burtulu\u015f kalelerini ele ge\u00e7irerek Sivas\u2019a d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin\u2019in bu b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekildi\u011fini g\u00f6ren Mutahharten bu kaleleri yeniden teslim al\u0131nca, Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin tekrar Mutahharten \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc ise de O, sava\u015f\u0131 kabul etmeyerek geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Hatta Kad\u0131 Burhanedin\u2019in bu son seferinde yan\u0131nda Akkoyunlu Ahmed Bey de bulunuyordu. Nitekim Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin, Erzincan Emirli\u011fini tamamen kontrol alt\u0131na almak amac\u0131yla Bayburt\u2019a kadar ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi yerleri Akkoyunlu Ahmed Bey\u2019e vermi\u015ftir. Bu arada Akkoyunlu Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman Bey, karde\u015fi Ahmed Bey\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 isyan ederek Mutahharten ile birlikte hareket etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Akkoyunlu Ahmed Bey 1398 yaz\u0131nda Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin\u2019den s\u00fcr\u00fcleri i\u00e7in otlak istemi\u015f ve sonbahara kadar olmak \u015fart\u0131yla alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir durumun olu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 kabullenmeyen Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman Bey, Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin\u2019le m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmi\u015ftir. Nihayetinde 1398 yaz\u0131nda Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman taraf\u0131ndan Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.28<\/sup> Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun en aktif savunucusu konumunda olan Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ayn\u0131 zamanda, Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulan b\u00f6lgesel ittifak ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi d\u00f6neminin de sonu olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Bu hadise Timur\u2019u ve Anadolu\u2019daki taraftarlar\u0131n\u0131 olduk\u00e7a sevindirmi\u015ftir. Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman\u2019\u0131n bu ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 elde etmesinde, kaynaklarda yer almasa da, Timur\u2019un ona destek\u00a0 vermesinin etkili oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Zira Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman\u2019\u0131n bu olaydan sonra Timur taraftar\u0131 olarak hareket etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin\u2019in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden memnun olanlar aras\u0131nda I. Bayezid de yer almaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc I. Bayezid, \u00f6teden beri Anadolu\u2019nun siyasi b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flama \u00e7abalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakip g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin\u2019in siyaset sahnesinde \u00e7ekilmesiyle do\u011fuya do\u011fru ilerleme engelinin ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rerek harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Hatta hareketini Meml\u00fbklu topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerine de \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid\u2019in bu hareketi Timur\u2019un Anadolu\u2019ya geli\u015fi ile ba\u015flayan, Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak d\u00f6nemini tamamen sona erdirmi\u015f, b\u00f6lgedeki dostluk ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi yerini ku\u015fku ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1397 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131larla Karamano\u011fullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda vuku bulan Ak\u00e7ay sava\u015f\u0131yla Karamano\u011flu Aleaddin Ali Bey\u2019i ortadan kald\u0131rarak o\u011fullar\u0131 Ali ve Mehmed\u2019i Bursa\u2019ya hapsetmi\u015ftir. I. Bayezid, hem \u00f6len Kad\u0131 Burhanedin\u2019in yerini doldurmak hem de Anadolu\u2019da siyasi birli\u011fi temin edebilmek amac\u0131yla, \u00f6nce Amasya\u2019y\u0131 ard\u0131ndan da Sivas\u2019\u0131 topraklar\u0131na katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1399 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Memluk Sultan\u0131 Berkuk\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden faydalanan I. Bayezid, F\u0131rat b\u00f6lgesine inerek Meml\u00fbk Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ait olan Malatya, Darende ve Divri\u011fi\u2019yi ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece I. Bayezid, Anadolu\u2019nun siyasi birli\u011fini sa\u011flama yolunda b\u00fcy\u00fck ad\u0131mlar atm\u0131\u015fsa da, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 hareketlerle dostlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 savunmada tek ba\u015f\u0131na kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan yeni siyasi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc Timur\u2019un bu co\u011frafya d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi sefer i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a uygun bir zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n bu denli hareket etmesinde ise Timur\u2019un \u00e7ok uzaklarda, Hindistan\u2019da, bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir etkisi olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n bu hareket tarz\u0131yla Timur\u2019a g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6stermek istemesi de bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli husustur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu geli\u015fmelerle Timur Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6recek, Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019ya sefer d\u00fczenleme hususundaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olabilecektir.<\/p>\n Hindistan seferini ba\u015far\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131ran Timur, buralarda kendince d\u00fczen sa\u011flamas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcre Semerkant\u2019ta kald\u0131ktan sonra 1399 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019a do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. 1399-<\/p>\n 1400 k\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 Karaba\u011f\u2019da ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi s\u0131rada Azerbaycan, G\u00fcrcistan ve Irak-\u0131 Arab\u2019da sindirme faaliyetlerinde bulunmu\u015f, geride hi\u00e7bir tehlike kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na kanaat getirince Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru sefere \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.29<\/sup> Timur\u2019un Anadolu ve Otado\u011fu\u2019ya inebilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan; Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin ile Berkuk\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle Meml\u00fbklarda \u00e7ocuk ya\u015fta biri olan Ferec\u2019in tahta ge\u00e7mesi ve Meml\u00fbk Devleti i\u00e7indeki taht m\u00fccadeleleri \u00f6nemle dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken husustur. Ayr\u0131ca Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 I. Bayezid\u2019in Anadolu\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi ilhak\u0131n b\u00f6lgede yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 memnuniyetsizlik, en \u00f6nemlisi de Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulan b\u00f6lgesel ittifak\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, Timur\u2019un bu defaki Anadolu-Ortado\u011fu seferinde pek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00fc\u00e7le kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Azerbaycan\u2019a gelmesi ile yurdunu terk eden Karakoyunlu Kara Yusuf Bey ile \u00f6nce Musul\u2019a sonra ise Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta kalmay\u0131 kendisi i\u00e7in tehlikeli g\u00f6rerek Musul\u2019a gelmi\u015f olan Celayirli Sultan Ahmed, birlik olarak yeniden Ba\u011fdat\u2019a gittiler. Ancak onlar, Bing\u00f6l\u2019e gelmi\u015f olan Timur\u2019un Sivas\u2019a do\u011fru gitme niyetinde oldu\u011fu haberini al\u0131nca, Meml\u00fbklara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmaya karar vererek Halep\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Halep naibinin kendilerini kabul etmeyerek yollar\u0131n\u0131 kesmesi \u00fczerine sava\u015fmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flar ise de Meml\u00fbklar\u0131n Halep naibini yenmi\u015flerdir. Ancak bu hadise Karakoyunlu Kara Yusuf ile Celayirli Sultan Ahmed\u2019in Timur tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 Meml\u00fbklara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma \u00fcmitlerini yok etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ki kader arkada\u015f\u0131, Timur\u2019un Sivas\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek \u015fehri ya\u011fma ve talan etmesinden sonra g\u00fcneye do\u011fru inmekte oldu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenince be defa Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 I. Bayezid\u2019e s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.30<\/sup><\/p>\n Timur\u2019un 1399-1400 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019ya gelmesiyle, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 I. Bayezid aras\u0131nda gidip gelen el\u00e7i ve mektuplar, cihan imparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in yar\u0131\u015fan iki h\u00fck\u00fcmdar aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Timur\u2019un do\u011fudan Anadolu\u2019ya girerek Bing\u00f6l yaylas\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada Bayezid\u2019in, Anadolu\u2019da adeta Timur ad\u0131na ileri karakol g\u00f6revi yapmakta olan Emir Mutahharten\u2019in merkezi Erzincan \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmesini Timur, Anadolu \u00fczerine tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 istila seferi i\u00e7in me\u015fru bir hareket olarak de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir. 1396 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ni\u011fbolu Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Ha\u00e7l\u0131 ordusunu m\u00fcthi\u015f bir ma\u011flubiyete u\u011fratan Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131, bu sayede b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015f\u00f6hret de kazanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fundan Timur tehlikesine fazla ald\u0131r\u0131\u015f etmeyerek, \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131na a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermi\u015ftir. I. Bayezid\u2019in \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131yla me\u015fgul olmas\u0131n\u0131 iyi de\u011ferlendiren Timur, 1400 yaz\u0131nda Sivas \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, \u015fiddetli bir taarruzdan sonra Sivas\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek, \u015fehirde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131y\u0131m yapm\u0131\u015f ve \u015fehri ate\u015fe vermi\u015ftir. Timur bu hareketiyle, Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 hem bir g\u00fc\u00e7 g\u00f6sterisi yapmak istemi\u015f, hem de bu g\u00fcc\u00fc g\u00f6ren Bayezid\u2019in kendisine itaat edece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Timur\u2019un Sivas\u2019\u0131 \u00e7ok rahat ele ge\u00e7irmesi, I. Bayezid\u2019in Timur tehlikesini fazla \u00f6nemsemedi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Sivas\u2019a inmesinde yan\u0131nda bulunan Erzincan Emiri Mutahharten, Akkoyunlu Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman ve di\u011fer Anadolu T\u00fcrkmen beylikleri hanedan \u00fcyelerinin \u015f\u00fcphesiz b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc vard\u0131r. Sivas\u2019\u0131 istila eden Timur, daha sonra Dulkadir T\u00fcrkmenleri\u2019nin elinde bulunan Elbistan\u2019\u0131 istila etmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n idaresinde bulunan Malatya\u2019y\u0131 istila etmi\u015f ve buran\u0131n idaresini yan\u0131nda bulunan Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman\u2019a vermi\u015f, istila hareketini Meml\u00fbk topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00e7evirmi\u015ftir. Timur\u2019un Meml\u00fbk topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmesi i\u00e7in Bunun i\u00e7in de kendine g\u00f6re sebepleri vard\u0131.31<\/sup> Timur, Berkuk\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Meml\u00fbklar\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc karga\u015fay\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015f, Meml\u00fbklar\u2019dan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan Osmanl\u0131larla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan evvel bu durumdan faydalanmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ayr\u0131ca, 1393 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdikten sonra Berkuk\u2019a g\u00f6nderilen el\u00e7isi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, Toktam\u0131\u015f \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, Karakoyunlu Kara Yusuf<\/p>\n taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nan, Timur\u2019un yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan Avnik Kalesi hakimi Atlam\u0131\u015f da,32<\/sup> Kahire\u2019ye g\u00f6nderilerek orada hapsedilmi\u015f bulunuyordu.33<\/sup> Timur, Berkuk\u2019tan Atlam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 istemesine ra\u011fmen alamam\u0131\u015f ve Timur\u2019un Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 istilas\u0131 esnas\u0131nda ka\u00e7an Ba\u011fdat hakimi Celayirli Ahmed, Meml\u00fbkler taraf\u0131ndan h\u00fcsn-\u00fc kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0131srarlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen kendisine teslim edilmemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Timur Malatya\u2019da bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada, Meml\u00fbklu taht\u0131na hen\u00fcz yeni ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan \u00e7ocuk ya\u015ftaki Ferec\u2019e \u015fu i\u00e7erikteki mektubu g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. \u201cBen \u015eam arazisine yabanc\u0131 bir asker getirmek istemiyorum, siz art\u0131k daha ilerisine gitmeyin, Atlam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 derhal g\u00f6nderin ta ki ben de el\u00e7i \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczden dolay\u0131 g\u00fcnah\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 affedeyim ve memleketinizi sel\u00e2mete b\u0131rakay\u0131m.\u201d<\/em>34<\/sup>\u00a0 Ferec bunu kabul etmedi\u011fi gibi Kahire\u2019ye do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kan Timur\u2019un el\u00e7ilerini Halep\u2019e var\u0131r varmaz hapsettirmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine Timur, daha evvel kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulan ittifaka da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Meml\u00fbk topraklar\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. Behisni, Halep, Hama, Humus \u015fehirlerini birbiri ard\u0131na ele ge\u00e7irerek 1401 y\u0131l\u0131 Ocak ay\u0131nda D\u0131ma\u015fk \u00f6nlerine geldi\u011finde, Ferec\u2019in \u015fehri terk ederek Kahire\u2019ye gitmesine bakmadan, \u015fehri ele ge\u00e7irerek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ya\u011fma hareketine giri\u015fmi\u015f ve Ferec\u2019e de \u015fu mektubu g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. \u201cSiz bizim, i\u015flerimizde nas\u0131l hazm ve ihtiyatla hareket etti\u011fimizi ve her meselede himmetimizin ne kadar \u00e2li oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz, anlad\u0131n\u0131z; merd olanlar\u0131 her i\u015fte fena bir harekette bulunmaktan men eden gayret ve namustur ve padi\u015fahlar\u0131n memleket fethetmekten takip ettikleri gaye de budur; ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Biz bir\u00e7ok defalar Atlam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 istedik, siz g\u00f6rmediniz ve bu hususta o kadar bahane ortaya att\u0131n\u0131z ve ayak dirediniz ki bizim buraya kadar gelmemize sebep oldunuz.\u201d<\/em>35<\/sup> Bu hadiseden sonra Timur, ordular\u0131n\u0131 Akka\u2019ya kadar istila yapmak \u00fczere g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, kendisi de Karaba\u011f\u2019a gitmek \u00fczere Urfa \u00fczerinden Mardin\u2019e hareket etmi\u015ftir. Mardin H\u00e2kimi Melik\u00fc\u2019z-Zahir Mecdeddin \u0130sa Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele vermi\u015fse de \u015fehrinin ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyememi\u015ftir. Mardin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in fazla zaman harcamak istemeyen Timur, buran\u0131n ablukas\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131n\u0131 Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman\u2019a b\u0131rakarak Irak\u2019a y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.36<\/sup> Bu esnada Ba\u011fdat\u2019ta, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan Celayirli Sultan Ahmed yerine Meml\u00fbklu hakimiyeti mevcut bulunuyordu. Meml\u00fbklar\u0131n direnmesine direni\u015fine ra\u011fmen 1401 Temmuz ay\u0131nda Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 yeniden istila eden Timur, burada o zamana kadar g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f tahribat yapt\u0131ktan sonra Tebriz\u2019e do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.37<\/sup><\/p>\n Timur\u2019un bu faaliyetleri esnas\u0131nda I. Bayezid\u2019in, Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck tehlike te\u015fkil eden Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kayda de\u011fer tedbirler almayarak \u0130stanbul ku\u015fatmas\u0131yla me\u015fgul oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. I. Bayezid, topraklar\u0131 Timur taraf\u0131ndan istila edilirken sadece Meml\u00fbklar ile ittifak yapmak istemi\u015f ve Kahire\u2019ye bir\u00e7ok hediyelerle el\u00e7iler yollam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. I. Bayezid\u2019in, kararl\u0131l\u0131kla yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek i\u015f Timur\u2019un b\u00fct\u00fcn \u0131srarlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Celayirli Ahmed ve Karakoyunlu Yusuf\u2019u ona teslim etmeyerek korumas\u0131 alt\u0131nda tutmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu da Timur ve Osmanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda zuhur edecek olan sava\u015f i\u00e7in zahiri sebeplerden birisi olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m Bayezid ile Timur aras\u0131nda birbirlerini tehdide varan kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 \u00e7ok sert mektupla\u015fmalar\u0131n nihayetinde 28 Temmuz 1402 tarihinde Osmanl\u0131lar ile Timur aras\u0131nda Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131 vuku bulmu\u015ftur.38<\/sup> Osmanl\u0131lar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 bir s\u00fcre \u00e7ok a\u011f\u0131r olan bu sava\u015fta Timur<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f,39<\/sup> Anadolu\u2019nun hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc kendi y\u00f6ntemleriyle hakimiyeti alt\u0131na alarak Anadolu-Ortado\u011fu seferlerinde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Yakla\u015f\u0131k sekiz ay Anadolu\u2019da kald\u0131ktan sonra40<\/sup> 1403 y\u0131l\u0131 Mart ay\u0131 sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru devlet merkezi olan Semerkant\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7:<\/strong><\/p>\n Netice olarak, cihan imparatorlu\u011fu kurmak ve bunun i\u00e7in Timurlu olmayan bir co\u011frafya b\u0131rakmamak gayesiyle tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kan Timur \u00e7e\u015fitli co\u011frafyalara seferler d\u00fczenlemi\u015f ve \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de istila etmi\u015ftir. Yukar\u0131da aktar\u0131lan bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Timur\u2019un Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerine seferler d\u00fczenlemesinde \u015fu hususlar \u00f6nemle dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken hususlard\u0131r. Yurtlar\u0131 ellerinden al\u0131nan ve Timur\u2019a siyasi m\u00fclteci olarak s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan Anadolu\u2019daki T\u00fcrkmen siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fclleri hanedan ailesi mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n Timur\u2019u Anadolu- Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerine sefer d\u00fczenlemesi i\u00e7in tahrik etmeleri. Timur\u2019un da Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki siyasi par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 cihangirlik iddias\u0131 do\u011frultusunda de\u011ferlendirmek istemesi ve hususta kendisine en b\u00fcy\u00fck rakip g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 ve Meml\u00fbk siyasi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yok etmek istemesi olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli noktalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki gerek\u00e7eleri do\u011frultusunda ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu 1393-1403 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131 Ortado\u011fu- Anadolu seferlerinde Timur \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Timur\u2019un Anadolu-Ortado\u011fu seferleri kendi siyasi hakimiyeti a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olumlu sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015fsa da Anadolu-Ortado\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a olumsuz sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015ftur. Timur\u2019un Anadolu-Ortado\u011fu \u00fczerine d\u00fczenledi\u011fi seferlerde ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131nda kendisine kar\u015f\u0131 olu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ittifak giri\u015fimlerinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Bu ittifak\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 giri\u015fimlerinin\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131n\u0131n sebepleri yukar\u0131daki bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015funlard\u0131r. Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki siyasi te\u015fekk\u00fcllerin Timur tehlikesini tam anlam\u0131yla fark edememeleri. Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak kurma giri\u015fiminin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olan Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed\u2019in Akkoyunlu Kara Y\u00fcl\u00fck Osman taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi. Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da siyasi birliktelik sa\u011flayabilme noktas\u0131nda giri\u015fti\u011fi harekat\u0131n m\u00fcttefikler aras\u0131nda do\u011furdu\u011fu memn\u00fbniyetsizlik. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Kafkaslardan gelen tehlike yerine \u0130stanbul\u2019u fethetme i\u015fine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermesi. Meml\u00fbklar ile Osmanl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda, Sultan Berk\u00fbk\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ve Meml\u00fbklar\u2019\u0131n kendi i\u00e7lerindeki taht m\u00fccadeleleri nedeniyle tam bir ittifak sa\u011flanamamas\u0131. Alt\u0131n Ordu Devleti\u2019nin Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019daki m\u00fcttefiklerinde yeterince destek alamayarak Timur taraf\u0131ndan da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ifade edilebilir.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 kurulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan ittifak \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019nun Timur istilas\u0131na u\u011framas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. Anadolu ve Ortado\u011fu\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Timur istilas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ncelikle Anadolu T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m tarihi k\u0131smen de Ortado\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar geni\u015f bir tarihi perspektifle de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde ise \u015funlar\u0131 ifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Daha evvel K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Anadolu siyasi karga\u015fa d\u00f6nemine s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmi\u015fti. Timur\u2019un bu seferleriyle hem Anadolu hem de Ortado\u011fu siyasi, iktisadi ve ictim\u00e2i a\u00e7\u0131dan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir karga\u015fayla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu 100 y\u0131l \u00f6nceki haline tekrar d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Timur ordular\u0131, mamur bir hale getirilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu\u2019yu yak\u0131p y\u0131karak harabe hale getirmi\u015flerdir. Anadolu\u2019da yeni sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnen siyasal birlik bozulmu\u015f, Anadolu yeniden siyasi m\u00fccadelelerin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir co\u011frafya haline b\u00fcr\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Siyasal varl\u0131klar\u0131na Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan son verilen Anadolu T\u00fcrkmen beylikleri yeniden canlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ortado\u011fu-<\/p>\n Anadolu M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kentlerinde Timur\u2019un yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ya\u011fma ve talan y\u00fczy\u0131llarca telafi edilememi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019da bir fas\u0131la-\u0131 saltanat d\u00f6neminin do\u011fmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk- \u0130sl\u00e2m alemi i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir fitne merkezi olan ve ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bir an meselesi haline gelen Bizans rahat bir nefes alma d\u00f6nemi bulmu\u015f, \u00f6mr\u00fc 50 y\u0131l daha uzam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu seferlerinden hareketle Mo\u011follarla T\u00fcrkler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan hadiseler ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u015fu hususlar da olduk\u00e7a ehemmiyetlidir.<\/p>\n Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu seferleri, tarihte g\u00f6\u00e7ebe devlet gelene\u011fi ve ordu yap\u0131s\u0131na (bozk\u0131r devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve ordu yap\u0131s\u0131) sahip devletlerin, yerle\u015fik devlet gelene\u011fi ve ordu yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip devletlere kar\u015f\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu son zafer olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. G\u00f6\u00e7ebe devlet gelene\u011fi ve ordu yap\u0131s\u0131na dayal\u0131 kurulmu\u015f olan devletlerden Akkoyunlular ve Safeviler, yerle\u015fik devlet gelene\u011fi ve ordu yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip olan devletlere kar\u015f\u0131 Timur\u2019un bu seferlerindeki gibi bir ba\u015far\u0131 daha elde edememi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Bir ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131dan Timur\u2019un bu seferleri, Mo\u011follar\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m devletlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 son ba\u015far\u0131 ve ayr\u0131ca son zararl\u0131 faaliyet olmu\u015ftur. Zira Mo\u011follar\u2019\u0131n T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131na Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu ve Anadolu seferleri d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r \u0131st\u0131raptan ba\u015fka b\u00fcy\u00fck zararlar verdi\u011fi d\u00f6nemler de olmu\u015ftur. 1141 Katvan Sava\u015f\u0131 bunlardan sadece birisidir. Bu sava\u015f, b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015fmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n koruyuculu\u011funu \u00fcslenmi\u015f olan B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 kaybedilen 1243 K\u00f6seda\u011f Sava\u015f\u0131 da Ha\u00e7l\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 cihad ve gaza vazifesini y\u00fcr\u00fcten Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131na sebebiyet verdi\u011fi gibi Anadolu uzunca bir s\u00fcre siyasi karga\u015fa i\u00e7erisinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, izledikleri ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fc siyaset anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla T\u00fcrklerin \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019e giri\u015flerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck yeri olan Abbasi Halifeli\u011fi\u2019ne de 1258 y\u0131l\u0131nda son veren Mo\u011fol \u0130lhanl\u0131 Devleti olmu\u015ftur. Timur\u2019un Alt\u0131n Orda Devleti \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 amans\u0131z seferler sonucu, bu devletin \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye itilmesi, Orta Asya\u2019da y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r g\u00f6z\u00fc olan Ruslar\u0131n bu co\u011frafyaya inmesine ve burada bulunan T\u00fcrklerin y\u00fczy\u0131llarca Rus boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda kalmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Devletini kurdu\u011fu g\u00fcnden itibaren cihangirlik iddias\u0131nda olan Timur, d\u00fcnya nizam\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamay\u0131 kendisine ama\u00e7 edinmi\u015fti. Ancak ortaya koydu\u011fu istila hareketi de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde faaliyetlerinin hi\u00e7 de bu do\u011frultuda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Timur\u2019un \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada ge\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi istila faaliyeti a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u015funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Cengiz Han saltanat\u0131n\u0131n olanca parlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yeniden kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek ve bu saltanat\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na da Cengiz Han o\u011fullar\u0131 yerine Timur o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131 yerle\u015ftirebilmektir. Timur bu hususta da y\u00f6ntemini iyi tayin edememi\u015ftir. Zira sadece askeri y\u00f6ntemlerle istila etti\u011fi co\u011frafyalarda hakimiyet tesis edebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek yan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131klamalar :<\/strong><\/p>\n 1<\/sup> Semenov\u2019a g\u00f6re, Cengiz Han (\u00f6. 1227), \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden evvel d\u00f6rt o\u011flu aras\u0131nda \u00fclkeyi taksim ederken \u00c7a\u011fatay Han\u2019a T\u00fcrkistan b\u00f6lgesini vererek, Barlas ba\u015fbu\u011flar\u0131ndan Kara\u00e7ar Noyan\u2019\u0131 da kabilesi ile birlikte onun hizmetinde bulunmak \u00fczere vazifelendirmi\u015ftir. Kara\u00e7ar Noyan, Timur\u2019un be\u015finci dereceden atas\u0131d\u0131r. Alexander Semenov; \u201cG\u00fbr-i Emir T\u00fcrbesinde Timur\u2019un ve Ahfad\u0131n\u0131n Mezar Kitabeleri\u201d, (\u00c7ev. Abdulkadir \u0130nan), Belleten, XXIV\/93, (1960)<\/em>, ss. 139-160. Kafal\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6re, Timur\u2019un bilinen en b\u00fcy\u00fck ceddi Tumanay, Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n be\u015finci dereceden atas\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Cengiz Han ile Timur\u2019un nesepleri birle\u015fmektedir. Mustafa Kafal\u0131; \u201cTimur\u201d-\u201cTimurlular\u201d, \u0130A, C. 12\/1<\/em>, s. 336. Berthold\u2019a g\u00f6re, Mo\u011fol ve Orta Asya tarihi ile me\u015fgul olan baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131, Timur\u2019un soyunu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmseyerek, bu gibi soy k\u00fct\u00fcklerinin bizzat Timur\u2019un kendisi veya o\u011fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak meydana getirildi\u011fini ifade etmektedir. Timur\u2019un a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 tabakadan yol kesici ve asil olmayan bir aileden geldi\u011fini, kendisini asilz\u0101de olarak tan\u0131tmak ve Cengiz Han ile ayn\u0131 soydan geldi\u011fini g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in, sahte bir soy k\u00fct\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00fczenlemi\u015f oldu\u011funu ifade etmektedir. William Berthold; Ulu\u011f Bey ve Zaman\u0131<\/em>, (\u00c7ev. Tahiro\u011flu A. Kurat), \u0130stanbul 1930, s. 14. Aka\u2019ya g\u00f6re, Timur\u2019un ilk han\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n men\u015fei, k\u0131z karde\u015flerinin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 evlilikler sonucu asilz\u0101de kabilelerle kurmu\u015f olduklar\u0131 d\u00fcn\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fcnasebetleri, onun ve ailesinin hi\u00e7te k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcmsenemeyecek kimseler olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. \u0130smail Aka; Timur ve Devleti<\/em>, Ankara 1991, s. 4. Y\u00fccel\u2019e g\u00f6re ise, Timur\u2019un Barlas kabilesine mensup oldu\u011funu belirtmekle beraber, bu kabilenin Ke\u015f taraflar\u0131nda yurt tutmu\u015f olan Mavera\u00fcnnehir soylu bir kabile oldu\u011fudur. Timur\u2019un kendi soyunu Cengiz Han soyuna ba\u011flama gayretinin de o zaman\u0131n siyasi ve sosyal \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, b\u00f6lgede bulunan halk\u0131n sempatisini kazanabilmek ad\u0131na ortaya at\u0131lan bir iddia oldu\u011funu belirtmektedir. Bu iddiay\u0131 ise, Timur\u2019un\u00a0 b\u00f6lgede Mo\u011fol hakimiyeti yerine bir T\u00fcrk hakimiyeti, Cengiz \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu yerine de Timur \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu getirmesiyle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Ya\u015far Y\u00fccel; Timur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu Seferleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 (1393-1402)<\/em>, Ankara 1989, s. 4.<\/p>\n 2<\/sup> \u0130. Aka; Timur ve Devleti<\/em>, s. 5.<\/p>\n 3<\/sup> Nizam\u00fcddin \u015e\u00e2m\u00ee, Zafern\u00e2me<\/em>, (\u00c7ev. N. Lugal), Ankara 1987, s. 73. Timur T\u00fcz\u00fck\u00e2t\u0131; T\u00fcz\u00fck\u00e2t<\/em>, (Haz. M. Musa), \u0130stanbul 1339, s. 45-46. \u0130. Aka; Timur ve Devleti<\/em>, s. 7.<\/p>\n 4<\/sup> Musa \u015eamil Y\u00fcksel; \u201cArap Kaynaklar\u0131nda Timur\u201d, Bilig, G\u00fcz 2004<\/em>, ss. 85-126.<\/p>\n 5<\/sup> \u00d6mer Halis B\u0131y\u0131ktay; Timur\u2019un Anadolu Seferi ve Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131<\/em>, \u0130stanbul 1934, s. 78-79.<\/p>\n 6<\/sup> \u0130. Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131; \u201cSivas ve Kayseri H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed\u201d, Belleten, XXII\/126, (1968)<\/em>, ss. 191-245. Ya\u015far Y\u00fccel; Anadolu Beylikleri Hakk\u0131nda Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar II<\/em>, Ankara 1991, s. 139-140.<\/p>\n 7<\/sup> \u0130.Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131; Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu-Karakoyunlu Devletleri<\/em>, Ankara 1988, s. 3.<\/p>\n 8<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel, Timur\u2019un Seferleri<\/em>, s. 3-4.<\/p>\n 9<\/sup> Mehmed Ne\u015fri; Kit\u00e2b-\u0131 Cih\u00e2n-n\u00fcm\u00e2 (Ne\u015fr\u00ee Tarihi)<\/em>, C. I, (Haz. F. R. Unat-M. A. K\u00f6ymen), Ankara 1987, s. 343.\u00a0 Hoca Sadedin Efendi; Tac\u00fc\u2019t Tev\u00e2rih<\/em>, C. I, (Haz. \u0130smet Parmaks\u0131zo\u011flu) Eski\u015fehir 1992, s. 190-191.<\/p>\n 10<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel, Timur\u2019un Seferleri<\/em>, s. 4.<\/p>\n 11<\/sup> M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 Dervi\u015f Ahmed Dede Efendi, Sah\u00e2if\u00fc\u2019l-Ahb\u00e2r (M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 Tarihi), <\/em>C. I, \u0130stanbul 1868, s. 60-61. Mehmed Hemdem\u00ee Solakz\u0101de; Solak-z\u00e2de Tarihi<\/em>, C. I, (Haz. V. \u00c7abuk), Ankara 1989, s. 55-60. K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc, M. Fuad; Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Kurulu\u015fu<\/em>, \u0130stanbul 1981, s. 130-135. Mustafa Akda\u011f; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130ktisad\u00ee \u0130ctima\u00ee Tarihi<\/em>, 262.I, \u0130stanbul 1995, s. 262. Tuncer Baykara; Anadolu\u2019nun Tarihi Co\u011frafyas\u0131na Giri\u015f I, Anadolu\u2019nun \u0130dari Taksimat\u0131<\/em>, Ankara 1988, s. 29. Paul Wittek; Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Do\u011fu\u015fu<\/em>, (\u00c7ev. F. Ar\u0131k), \u0130stanbul 1947, s. 10-11. \u00d6mer L\u00fctfi Barkan; \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Bir \u0130skan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Vak\u0131flar ve Temlikler I, \u0130stila Devrinin Kolonizat\u00f6r T\u00fcrk Dervi\u015fleri ve Zaviyeler\u201d, Vak\u0131flar Dergisi, C. II, (1942)<\/em>, ss. 279-386. Halil \u0130nalc\u0131k; \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Kurulu\u015fu ve \u0130nki\u015faf\u0131 Devrinde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130ktisadi Vaziyeti \u00dczerine Bir Tetkik M\u00fcnasebetiyle\u201d, Belleten, XV\/60, (1951)<\/em>, ss. 629-690.<\/p>\n 12<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel; \u201cXIV. XV. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi Hakk\u0131nda Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar II, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu \u00dczerinde 1393- 1394 Timur Tehlikesi\u201d, Belleten, XXXVII\/146, (1973)<\/em>, ss. 159-190.<\/p>\n 13<\/sup> A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015faz\u0101de; A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015faz\u0101de Tarihi<\/em>, (Ne\u015fr. H. N. Ats\u0131z), \u0130stanbul 1992, s. 5-6. Y. Y\u00fccel; Timur\u2019un Seferleri, s. 14-15.<\/p>\n 14<\/sup> \u0130. Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131; Anadolu Beylikleri ve Akkoyunlu, Karakoyunlu Devletleri<\/em>, Ankara 1988.<\/p>\n 15<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel; \u201cTimur\u2019un 1393-1394 Seferi\u201d, s. 167-168.<\/p>\n 16<\/sup> G\u00f6de Kemal; \u201cAnkara Sava\u015f\u0131na Kadar Osmanl\u0131-Karamanl\u0131 M\u00fcnasebetleri\u201d, SD\u00dc Fen-Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, S. 4, (1999)<\/em>, ss. 63-87.<\/p>\n 17<\/sup> Y. Ziya \u00d6zer; Timur\u2019un Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u015flere Toptan Bir Bak\u0131\u015f, Belleten (1945), IX\/36<\/em>, ss. 423-467.<\/p>\n 18<\/sup> \u015eerafeddin Ali Yezd\u00ee; Zafern\u00e2me<\/em>, C. I, (\u00c7ev. M. Abbas), Calcuta 1887, s. 389-393.<\/p>\n 19<\/sup> \u0130. Hakk\u0131 Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131; Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin Ahmed, s. 194-195.<\/p>\n 20<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel; \u201cTimur\u2019un 1393-1394 Seferi, s. 178-179.<\/p>\n 21<\/sup> Yezd\u00ee; Zafern\u00e2me; I<\/em>, s. 551. A. Yu. Yakubovskiy; Alt\u0131n Ordu ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/em>, (\u00c7ev. H. Eren), Ankara 1992, s. 181.<\/p>\n 22<\/sup> Yakubovskiy; Alt\u0131n Ordub ve \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/em>, s. 182.<\/p>\n 23<\/sup> Yezd\u00ee; Zafern\u00e2me<\/em>, s. 545-546.<\/p>\n 24<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel; \u201cTimur\u2019un 1393-1394 Seferi\u201d, s. 183-184.<\/p>\n 25<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel; Timur\u2019un Seferleri<\/em>, s. 27.<\/p>\n 26<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel; Timur\u2019un Seferleri<\/em>, s. 59.<\/p>\n 27<\/sup> Aziz b. Erde\u015fir Estereb\u00e2di; Bezm \u00fc Rezm<\/em>, (Haz. M. \u00d6zt\u00fcrk), Ankara 1990, s. 466-467. Osman Turan; \u0130stanbul\u2019un Fethinden Evvel Yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Tarihi Takvimler<\/em>, Ankara 1984, s. 34.<\/p>\n 28<\/sup> Estereb\u00e2di; Bezm \u00fc Rezm<\/em>, s. 474-475.<\/p>\n 29<\/sup> Y. Y\u00fccel; \u201cTimur Tarihi Hakk\u0131nda Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar I, Timur\u2019un Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu ve T\u00fcrkiye ile Olan \u0130li\u015fkilerine Dair G\u00f6zlemler\u201d, Belleten, XL\/158, (1976)<\/em>, ss. 249-280.<\/p>\n 30<\/sup> Faruk S\u00fcmer; Kara Koyunlular<\/em>, C. I, Ankara 1992, s. 62.<\/p>\n 31<\/sup> C\u00fcneyt Kanat; \u201cMeml\u00fbk-Timurlu M\u00fcnasebetleri, Ortado\u011fu\u2019da Hakimiyet M\u00fccadelesi\u201d, T\u00fcrkler, V<\/em>, Ankara 2002, ss. 134-143.<\/p>\n 32<\/sup> Yezd\u00ee, Zafern\u00e2me<\/em>, II, s. 200.<\/p>\n 33<\/sup> Yezd\u00ee, Zafern\u00e2me<\/em>, II, s. 234.<\/p>\n 34<\/sup> Nizam\u00fcddin \u015e\u00e2m\u00ee; Zafern\u00e2me<\/em>, (\u00c7ev. N. Lugal), Ankara 1987, s. 265.<\/p>\n 35<\/sup> \u015e\u00e2m\u00ee; Zafern\u00e2me<\/em>, s. 276.<\/p>\n 36<\/sup> Sadettin Ba\u015ft\u00fcrk; \u201cTimur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu Seferleri D\u00f6neminde Mardin\u201d I. Uluslar aras\u0131 Mardin Tarihi Sempozyumu (26-28 May\u0131s 2006 Mardin) Bildirileri<\/em>, \u0130stanbul 2006.<\/p>\n 37<\/sup> \u0130. Aka; Timur ve Devleti<\/em>, s. 26-27.<\/p>\n 38<\/sup> \u0130smail Aka; \u201cTimur\u2019un Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131 (1402) Fetihn\u00e2mesi\u201d, Belgeler XI\/15, (1981-1986)<\/em>, ss. 1-23.<\/p>\n 39<\/sup> Sadettin Ba\u015ft\u00fcrk–<\/strong>Kenan Ziya Ta\u015f; \u201cFetret D\u00f6nemi ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d, T\u00fcrkler, IX<\/em>, Ankara 2002, ss. 252-258.<\/p>\n 40<\/sup> R. G. de Clavijo; Anadolu, Orta Asya ve Timur, (Kadis\u2019ten Semerkant\u2019a Seyahat)<\/em>, \u0130stanbul 1993, s. 47.<\/p>\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n Aka, \u0130smail; \u201cTimur\u2019un Ankara Sava\u015f\u0131 (1402) Fetihn\u00e2mesi\u201d, Belgeler, XI\/15, (1981- 1986)<\/em>, ss. 1-23.<\/p>\n Aka, \u0130smail; Timur ve Devleti<\/em>, Ankara 1991.<\/p>\n Akda\u011f, Mustafa; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130ktisad\u00ee \u0130\u00e7tima\u00ee Tarihi<\/em>, C. I-II, \u0130stanbul 1995. A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015faz\u00e2de; A\u015f\u0131kpa\u015faz\u00e2de Tarihi<\/em>, (Ne\u015fr. H. N. Ats\u0131z), \u0130stanbul 1992.<\/p>\n Aziz b. Erde\u015fir Esterebadi; Bezm \u00fc Rezm<\/em>, (Haz. M. \u00d6zt\u00fcrk), Ankara 1990.<\/p>\n Barkan, \u00d6. L\u00fctfi; \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Bir \u0130skan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Vak\u0131flar ve Temlikler I, \u0130stila Devrinin Kolonizat\u00f6r T\u00fcrk Dervi\u015fleri ve Zaviyeler\u201d, Vak\u0131flar Dergisi, C. II, (1942)<\/em>, ss. 279-386.<\/p>\n Ba\u015ft\u00fcrk, Sadettin–<\/strong>Ta\u015f, Kenan Ziya; \u201cFetret D\u00f6nemi ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d, T\u00fcrkler, IX<\/em>, Ankara 2002, ss. 252-258.<\/p>\n Ba\u015ft\u00fcrk, Sadettin; \u201cTimur\u2019un Ortado\u011fu-Anadolu Seferleri D\u00f6neminde Mardin\u201d I. Uluslar aras\u0131 Mardin Tarihi Sempozyumu (26-28 May\u0131s 2006 Mardin) Bildirileri<\/em>, \u0130stanbul 2006.<\/p>\n