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Prof. Dr. Alimcan \u0130nayet*<\/p>\nProf. Dr. Alimcan \u0130nayet*<\/p>\n
Cedit\u00e7ilik Rusya M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Tatar ayd\u0131n\u0131 \u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flat\u0131lan e\u011fitimde reform ve muas\u0131rla\u015fma hareketi idi. Teorik ve ideolojik zeminini Cemalettin Afgani gibi d\u00f6nemin reformist \u0130slam \u00e2limlerinin eserlerinde bulan bu hareket ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta geleneksel medrese usul\u00fcn\u00fc terk edip yerine \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f e\u011fitim sistemini ikame etme amac\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ise de, etki alan\u0131 sadece e\u011fitimle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f, zamanla sosyal, siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131 da derinden etkilemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kazan K\u0131r\u0131m merkezli geli\u015fen s\u00f6z konusu hareket k\u0131sa zamanda t\u00fcm Orta Asya\u2019y\u0131 sarm\u0131\u015f, e\u015fitlik, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k, ulus devlet gibi de\u011fer y\u00fckl\u00fc s\u00f6ylemleriyle b\u00f6lgenin politik, sosyolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel tablosunu tamamen de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Orta Asya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan da bu geli\u015fmelerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da cedit\u00e7ilik hareketi e\u011fitimde \u201cusul-i kadim\u201dden \u201cusul-i cedit\u201de ge\u00e7me s\u00fcreci olarak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131ndan itibaren g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Uygur T\u00fcrklerince \u201cpenniy mektep\u201d (fen okulu), \u201cye\u00f1i\u00e7e mektep\u201d (yeni tarz okul), \u201cye\u00f1i maarip t\u00fcz\u00fcmidiki mektep\u201d (yeni e\u011fitim d\u00fczenindeki okul) gibi isimlerle an\u0131lan okullar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 1870\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llara kadar gitmektedir. \u0130smail Gasp\u0131ral\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1884 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bah\u00e7esaray\u2019da a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 usul-i cedit okulu \u00f6rne\u011findeki \u201cusul-i cedit mektebi\u201d ya da \u201ccedit mektebi\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan okullar ise 1910\u2019lu y\u0131llardan itibaren a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak ister \u201cpenniy mektep\u201d ( Fen okulu), \u201cye\u00f1i\u00e7e mektep\u201d (Yeni tarz okul) olsun, isterse \u201cusul-i cedit mektebi\u201d, \u201ccedit mektebi\u201d olsun, uygulanan tedrisat ve m\u00fcfredat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan aralar\u0131nda pek fazla fark g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u201cusul-i cedit\u201d okullar\u0131 ile \u201cpenniy mektep\u201dler zaman zaman birbiriyle kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fu T\u00fcrkistan\u2019da ilk \u201cpenny mektep\u201d, \u201cye\u00f1i\u00e7e mektep\u201dleri a\u00e7anlar Musabay karde\u015fler olmu\u015ftur. Uygur T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda Musabay karde\u015fler olarak tan\u0131nan \u00fcnl\u00fc i\u015f adamlar\u0131ndan Bahavudunbay ile H\u00fcseyinbay1 1870\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren e\u011fitimde reform hareketini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bahavudunbay 1870\u2019li y\u0131llarda Kazan\u2019daki tahsilini tamamlay\u0131p memleketine d\u00f6nerken yan\u0131nda Kazanl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 \u00f6\u011fretmeni g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve bunlar\u0131 Kulca\u2019daki Beytullah Medresesi\u2019nde istihdam etmi\u015ftir. 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda Beytullah Medresesi\u2019nden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir okul a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, bu okulda din derslerinin yan\u0131s\u0131ra edebiyat, hesap, co\u011frafya, tarih gibi dersler okutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Musabay karde\u015fler 1883 y\u0131l\u0131nda, di\u011fer bir kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re 1885 y\u0131l\u0131nda Atu\u015f\u2019taki \u0130kisak k\u00f6y\u00fcnde \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131fl\u0131 bir okul a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u201cH\u00fcseyniye Mektebi\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bu okulun 1888 tarihli m\u00fcfredat\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, usul-i cedit okullar\u0131nkinden pek farkl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. M\u00fcfredatta \u201cAna Dili\u201d, \u201cNah\u015fa\u201d (M\u00fczik), \u201cHesab\u201d, \u201cTabiat\u201d, \u201cTarih\u201d, \u201cCo\u011frafya\u201d, \u201cTenterbiye\u201d (spor), \u201c\u015eifahiye\u201d, \u201cResim\u201d, \u201cTecvid\u201d, \u201cArap-Fars Dili\u201d, \u201cRus Dili\u201d gibi dersler yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
* Ege \u00dcniversitesi T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi, Uygur Akademisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/p>\n