{"id":299,"date":"2013-04-26T11:16:43","date_gmt":"2013-04-26T08:16:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=299"},"modified":"2017-05-15T22:17:23","modified_gmt":"2017-05-15T19:17:23","slug":"uygarlik-veya-medeniyet-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=299","title":{"rendered":"Uygarl\u0131k veya Medeniyet Nedir?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Beyaz<\/a>Uygarl\u0131k veya medeniyet, bir \u00fclke veya toplumun veya di\u011fer zeki canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat, bilim, teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Uygar kelimesi, yerle\u015fik hayata ilk ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrk kavimi olan Uygurlardan gelmektedir.
\nMedeniyet ve uygarl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmakla birlikte, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha geni\u015f bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.
\nMedeniyetin, belirli bir insan toplulu\u011fu veya topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n belirli bir co\u011frafya \u00fczerinde ve belirli bir zaman i\u00e7inde ortaya koyduklar\u0131 de\u011ferlerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131; uygarl\u0131k kavram\u0131n\u0131n, binlerce y\u0131l devam eden geli\u015fmeler sonunda, insan akl\u0131n\u0131n, bilim ve teknolojisinin katk\u0131s\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve t\u00fcm insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n eseri ve mal\u0131 olan evrenselli\u011fi s\u00f6zkonusudur. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fu\u015funa ve y\u00fckseli\u015fine \u00c7in’den Uygur ve Orta Asya T\u00fcrklerine; Hindistan’dan ve Mezopotamya medeniyetinden eski M\u0131s\u0131r medeniyetine; Ege k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki antik \u00e7a\u011f sitelerinden Roma’ya; Bat\u0131 Avrupa’da ayd\u0131nlatma \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaratan, sanayi ink\u0131lab\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren milletlere ve nihayet Amerika ve Uzak Do\u011fu’daki Japonlar’a kadar, tarih boyunca say\u0131lamayacak kadar \u00e7ok \u00fclkenin ve ulusun katk\u0131s\u0131 olmu\u015ftur ve olmaya da devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Medeniyet Nedir?<\/p>\n

Alm. Zivilization, Fr. Civilisation, \u0130ng. Civilisation.
\nMemleketleri \u00eem\u00e2r ederek, insanlar\u0131 sosyal, ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ahl\u00e2k\u00ee y\u00f6nden refah ve huz\u00fbra kavu\u015fturmak. Medeniyet kelimesi Arap\u00e7a olup, \u201cmed\u00eene\u201d k\u00f6k\u00fcnden gelmektedir ve \u201c\u015fehir\u201d demektir.<\/p>\n

Medeniyet \u00dczerine..
\nMedeniyetin \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli t\u00e2rif ve \u00eez\u00e2hlar\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n\u0130nsanl\u0131k t\u00e2rihi boyunca yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde iki \u00e7e\u015fit medeniyet g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunlardan biri il\u00e2h\u00ee dinlere inanan cemiyetlerin ortaya koydu\u011fu medeniyetler, di\u011feri de inan\u00e7s\u0131z insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n medeniyetleridir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde me\u015fhur olarak bilinen eski Hind, Asur, M\u0131s\u0131r, Yunan ve Roma medeniyetleri, putperest toplumlar\u0131n d\u00fcny\u00e2 hayat anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu toplumlarda bir\u00e7ok tanr\u0131ya inan\u0131l\u0131r, bu tanr\u0131lar insan gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr, heykelleri yap\u0131l\u0131r, tap\u0131naklarda onlara tap\u0131n\u0131l\u0131r ve sa\u00e7ma sapan bir\u00e7ok \u015feye inan\u0131l\u0131r, b\u00e2z\u0131 insanlara bilhassa krallara (Firavun, Nemrud, Promethe, Afrodit vs. gibi) hul\u00fbl ettiklerinden bu krallar yar\u0131 tanr\u0131 kabul edilirdi. Buna g\u00f6re \u015fekillenen g\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta, insanlar: Asiller, aristokratlar, plepler, k\u00f6yl\u00fcler, k\u00f6leler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli isimler alt\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r; h\u00e2kim s\u0131n\u0131flar di\u011ferlerini d\u00een\u00ee, ekonomik ve be\u015fer\u00ee bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcrler ve zulmederlerdi. Bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6ld\u00fckten sonra mezarda da kendini g\u00f6sterir; \u00fcst\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in piramitler, kral mezarlar\u0131 gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck mezarlar yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7o\u011funda kad\u0131nlar ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f insan mu\u00e2melesi g\u00f6r\u00fcr ve b\u00e2z\u0131lar\u0131nda orta mal\u0131 \u015feklinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc.
\nZevkleriyse Atina\u2019daki hipodromlarda insanlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131r\u0131l\u00e7\u0131plak spor m\u00fcs\u00e2bakalar\u0131na sokmak; \u00e7e\u015fitli adlar alt\u0131nda tertipledikleri e\u011flencelerde bol bol \u015farap i\u00e7erek her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapmak ve Roma\u2019daki hipodromlarda k\u00f6le yap\u0131p \u201cgladyat\u00f6r\u201d dedikleri insanlar\u0131 birbirleriyle \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne d\u00f6\u011f\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek ve g\u00fcnlerce a\u00e7 b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f arslanlara par\u00e7alatt\u0131rmak vah\u015fetiyle ayn\u0131 cinsler aras\u0131nda sap\u0131k m\u00fcn\u00e2sebetlerde bulunmak \u00e2dili\u011fi olarak tez\u00e2h\u00fcr etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle cemiyetlere meden\u00ee denilemeyece\u011fi meydandad\u0131r.
\n\u0130l\u00e2h\u00ee dinlerden olan ve Avrupa ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, zamanla d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerine yay\u0131lan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k d\u00eenine ba\u011fl\u0131 olanlar\u0131n ortaya koyduklar\u0131 medeniyet ise H\u0131ristiyan milletlerin eski inan\u00e7, \u00f6rf, \u00e2det ve anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla kar\u0131\u015farak yar\u0131 putperest bir medeniyet olmu\u015ftur. Hazret-i \u00ces\u00e2\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6\u011fe \u00e7ekilmesinden \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir zaman sonra Yah\u00fbd\u00eelerin tertip ve te\u015fvikiyle bozulmaya ba\u015flayan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, felsefecilerin, papalar\u0131n ve Avrupa krallar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcd\u00e2haleleriyle daha \u00e7ok bozulmu\u015f, anla\u015f\u0131lmaz, karmakar\u0131\u015f\u0131k mer\u00e2simlerden ib\u00e2ret bir din h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bu h\u00e2liyle papalar\u0131n elindeki H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k, mensuplar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00e2im\u00e2 ilerletecek bir dinamizmden mahrum, sosyal hay\u00e2t\u0131 d\u00fczenleyici prensiplerden uzak, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olgunla\u015f\u0131p y\u00fckseltici yol ve us\u00fbllerden habersiz olarak cihan\u015f\u00fcm\u00fbl bir medeniyeti do\u011furucu ve besleyici olamad\u0131. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc fen bilgisinin, zira\u00ee, s\u0131n\u00e2\u00ee, s\u0131hh\u00ee, pedagojik ve di\u011fer ilerlemelerin de en b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00e2nisi oldu. B\u00f6ylece Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131; puth\u00e2neye d\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f kiliselerle z\u00e2lim derebey ve krallar\u0131n \u015fatolar\u0131 ve saraylar\u0131 etraf\u0131nda binbir \u00e7e\u015fit hur\u00e2feyle doldurulmu\u015f kafalar; ad\u00e2let, merhamet, sevgi, sayg\u0131, c\u00f6mertlik ve yard\u0131mseverlikten mahrum kat\u0131 kalbler ve ceh\u00e2letin karartt\u0131\u011f\u0131 darac\u0131k ufuklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde kaba, g\u00f6rg\u00fcs\u00fcz, pis ve yar\u0131 vah\u015f\u00ee insanlarla doldu. \u0130lim, fen, teknoloji ve teknik \u00e2letler as\u0131rlar boyunca oldu\u011fu yerde kald\u0131, hatt\u00e2 geriye gitti. Hastal\u0131klar \u00e7\u00e2resiz, hastalar bak\u0131ms\u0131z, fakirler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcler hor ve zelil; ilim adamlar\u0131, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen insanlar tehlikeli ve b\u00fcy\u00fcl\u00fc; kad\u0131nlar her t\u00fcrl\u00fc hak\u00e2ret ve zilletin hedefi idi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar \u0130spanya\u2019y\u0131 fethederek burada bir \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyeti kurdular. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri sonunda Avrupal\u0131lar, \u00f6nce \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131k ve hayranl\u0131k i\u00e7inde bocalad\u0131lar. Sonra yava\u015f yava\u015f uyanarak \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na End\u00fcl\u00fcs \u00dcniversitelerinde fen bilgileri tahsil ettirmeye; \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limlerinin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 fen bilgileri kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 kendi dillerine \u00e7evirmeye ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlarda g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri teknik \u00e2letleri yapmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu arada \u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limlerini eski Yunan filozoflar\u0131n\u0131n bozuk kitaplar\u0131na verdikleri ilm\u00ee, inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 cevaplar\u0131 okuyarak i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckleri batakl\u0131klardan kurtulma\u011fa \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Bu hal, \u0130sl\u00e2miyetin \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ezilen ve papazlar\u0131n aforoz tehdidiyle suskunluk i\u00e7inde olan Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131 bu def\u00e2 eski Yunan mitolojisini incelemeye, \u00f6\u011frenmeye sevketti. \u00d6\u011frendiklerini resim, heykel, felsefe ve edebiyat eseri, m\u00fczik bestesi olarak kendilerine g\u00f6re tekrar yaz\u0131p yayarak yeni bir yol tuttular. Bunlara \u201cr\u00f6nesans\u201d, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k d\u00eeninde yapt\u0131klar\u0131 yeni de\u011fi\u015fikliklere de \u201creform\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdiler.
\nB\u00f6ylece Avrupa\u2019da; g\u00fcn ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e tesiri azalan ve bir s\u00fcs unsuru h\u00e2line gelen bir kilise hay\u00e2t\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karken, \u00f6te yandan, r\u00fbh\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 tatmin i\u00e7in s\u0131k s\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirdikleri sanat ve estetik anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla madd\u00ee refah\u0131 hedef alan bir ilim, teknoloji ve san\u00e2yile\u015fme ba\u015flad\u0131. Frans\u0131zlar\u0131n d\u00fcny\u00e2ya \u00f6v\u00fcnd\u00fckleri Versay (Versailles) Saray\u0131’nda bir hamam bile yoktu. Su ve temizlik d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, papazlardan sonra, krallarda, asillerde ve halkta da yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Hatt\u00e2 papazlar y\u0131kanmaya kar\u015f\u0131 gelerek s\u0131rtlar\u0131ndaki kir kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re birbirlerini derecelendirirlerdi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletlerden ve bilhassa Osmanl\u0131lardan g\u00f6r\u00fcp \u00f6\u011frendiklerini tatbik ederek, \u00fczerinde as\u0131rlar boyu \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p geli\u015ftirerek bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ilm\u00ee ve teknolojik seviyelerine ve ihtil\u00e2llerle yerle\u015ftirilen rejimlere ula\u015ft\u0131lar.
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz d\u00fcny\u00e2s\u0131nda bir H\u0131ristiyan medeniyetinden bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, H\u0131ristiyan denilen milletlerde bir fantazi ve tesell\u00ee kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak kabul ettikleri \u00fc\u00e7 tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131 (teslis), bir s\u00fcs e\u015fy\u00e2s\u0131 olarak ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 ha\u00e7larla her t\u00fcrl\u00fc e\u011flencelerinin sembol\u00fc h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f \u015farap ve kilise korolar\u0131ndan t\u00fcremi\u015f \u00e7\u0131lg\u0131n bir bat\u0131 m\u00fczi\u011fi ve bunlar\u0131n neticesi olarak herg\u00fcn s\u00fcratle artan ahl\u00e2k\u00ee \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fcnt\u00fcye medeniyet demek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?
\nMedeniyet tasnifleri i\u00e7inde, her bak\u0131mdan m\u00fckemmelli\u011fe eri\u015fmi\u015f, y\u00fcksek ve b\u00fct\u00fcn olgunluklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunduran hi\u00e7 kusursuz olan \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyetidir. \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyeti; \u0130sl\u00e2miyetin v\u00e2zetti\u011fi \u00eem\u00e2n, \u00eetik\u00e2d, amel ve ahl\u00e2k esaslar\u0131, cemiyet hay\u00e2t\u0131, id\u00e2re prensipleri ve d\u00fcny\u00e2 n\u00eemetlerinden insan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f maksad\u0131na uygun olarak faydalanma erginli\u011fi ile b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcny\u00e2ya hit\u00e2beden, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve fikirlerin do\u011fru ve iyi taraflar\u0131n\u0131 varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bulunduran ve zam\u00e2n\u0131 (\u00e7a\u011flar\u0131) pe\u015finde s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen, insanl\u0131k t\u00e2rihi boyunca ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f en ileri ve parlak bir medeniyettir. Bunu iyi anlamak i\u00e7in \u0130sl\u00e2miyeti do\u011fru bilgilerle iyi \u00f6\u011frenmek ve tan\u0131mak \u015fartt\u0131r.
\n\u0130sl\u00e2m \u00e2limleri medeniyeti \u201ct\u00e2mir-i bil\u00e2d, terf\u00eeh-i ib\u00e2d\u201d \u015feklinde t\u00e2rif etmi\u015flerdir. Bu t\u00e2rif k\u0131saca: \u201cBeldelerin \u00eem\u00e2r edilerek insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak rahat ve huzur i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayacak \u015fekle sokulmas\u0131; insanlar\u0131n da r\u00fbh, madde, fikir ve ahl\u00e2k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan y\u00fckselmesidir.\u201d
\n\u0130sl\u00e2miyet, meden\u00ee insan\u0131n ve medeniyet s\u00e2hibi topluluklar\u0131n \u00eem\u00e2n, ib\u00e2det, i\u015f, ahl\u00e2k ve cemiyet hay\u00e2t\u0131nda uymas\u0131 gereken her \u015feyi bildirmi\u015ftir. Bunlar, Allah\u00fc te\u00e2l\u00e2n\u0131n bildirdikleri, Res\u00fblullah\u2019\u0131n \u00f6\u011frettikleri, Esh\u00e2b-\u0131 kir\u00e2m\u0131n naklettikleri ve mezhep im\u00e2mlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bunald\u0131\u011f\u0131 her \u015feyin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm ve \u00e7\u00e2resi onlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde mevcuttur.
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n t\u00e2rih boyunca kurduklar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn medeniyetlerin kayna\u011f\u0131, m\u00fcmtaz \u00f6rne\u011fi ve rehberi, asr-\u0131 sa\u00e2dettir. O devirdeki \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyeti sonra gelen M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletlerin daha \u00e7ok benzemek i\u00e7in \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6telerin \u00f6tesindeki bir nurlu idealleri olmu\u015ftur. Araplar, Afrika kavimleri, Asya\u2019da G\u00fcrg\u00e2niye, Harezm\u015fahlar gibi me\u015fhur M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletler ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrkler, bug\u00fcn bile g\u0131pta edilen, imrenilen medeniyetlerine bu yolla ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2miyet, belli milletlere de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn insanl\u0131\u011fa her devirde en y\u00fcksek meden\u00ee seviyeye ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in l\u00e2z\u0131m olan her \u015feyi bildirmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan \u0130sl\u00e2m medeniyeti cih\u00e2n\u015f\u00fcm\u00fbl bir medeniyettir. Ancak milletlerin bu cihan\u015f\u00fcm\u00fbl medeniyete ula\u015fma dereceleri, \u0130sl\u00e2miyeti iyi \u00f6\u011frenme, do\u011fru anlama ve \u0130sl\u00e2miyete tam uyma derecelerine g\u00f6re farkl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu milletler i\u00e7inde Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin b\u00e2z\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde y\u00fckseldikleri seviye, hepsinden ileri olmu\u015ftur. Bu sebeple alt\u0131 as\u0131r boyunca b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcny\u00e2ya her \u015feyiyle m\u00fckemmel bir medeniyet n\u00fcm\u00fbnesi g\u00f6stermi\u015fler, buna da T\u00fcrk-\u0130sl\u00e2m Medeniyeti ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130stanbul, bu medeniyetin sembol \u015fehri, \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayanlar da, sembol insan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcny\u00e2 milletleri bu medeniyetin hayranl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmekte, d\u00fcny\u00e2daki pek\u00e7ok ilim adam\u0131, vak\u0131f, yay\u0131nevi, ara\u015ft\u0131rma te\u015fkil\u00e2tlar\u0131 insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcnl\u00fck hay\u00e2t\u0131ndan en girift meselesine kadar i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc buhranlara \u00e7\u00e2re bulmak i\u00e7in, bu medeniyeti incelemektedir. Anlayabildiklerini ba\u015fta Amerika olmak \u00fczere, tatbik ederek ilerlemekte, s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaktad\u0131r. Medeniyeti, ne s\u00e2dece geli\u015fmi\u015f ve ileri bir teknoloji olarak ele almak ne de sanat, edebiyat, estetik duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede y\u00fckselmi\u015flik olarak kabul etmek do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de her iki vasfa s\u00e2hip cemiyetler vard\u0131r. Medeniyet i\u00e7in her iki unsurun gerekti\u011fi kadar ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir \u015fekilde mevcudiyeti \u015fartt\u0131r. \u0130lim ve teknikte \u00e7ok ileri olan memleketlere bunlar\u0131 ne y\u00f6nde kulland\u0131klar\u0131na bakmadan meden\u00ee demek b\u00fcy\u00fck bir yanl\u0131\u015fl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bunlar medeniyeti g\u00f6stermez. Bunlar\u0131 medeniyet sanmak her sil\u00e2hl\u0131y\u0131 g\u00e2zi, m\u00fcc\u00e2hid sanmak olur. Halbuki bunlara s\u00e2hip olan e\u015fkiy\u00e2l\u0131k da yapabilir.
\n\u0130nsano\u011flu giderek d\u00fcny\u00e2y\u0131 ve tabiat\u0131 daha \u00e7ok kontrol alt\u0131na almakta, ancak rahat\u0131, refah\u0131 ve huzuru sa\u011flamak konusunda ayn\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 g\u00f6sterememektedir. Yirminci as\u0131rda d\u00fcny\u00e2n\u0131n i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc buhran\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131nda da bu yatmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcny\u00e2da inan\u00e7lar\u0131n giderek unutulmaya y\u00fcz tutmas\u0131 sebebiyle, m\u00e2nev\u00ee de\u011ferlerin zay\u0131flamas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli buhranlara ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara sebep olmaktad\u0131r. Medeniyetlerin g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi ve yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 teknolojiyle inanc\u0131n birbiriyle \u00e7ok iyi bir \u015fekilde telif edilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Madd\u00ee sahadaki geli\u015fmeler gibi s\u00e2dece m\u00e2nev\u00ee sahadaki geli\u015fmeler de k\u00e2fi de\u011fildir. Astek medeniyeti, \u0130spanyollar\u0131n sil\u00e2hlar\u0131na tahta k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la muk\u00e2bele etmesi sebebiyle \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kez\u00e2 \u201chamam medeniyeti\u201d diye de t\u00e2bir edilen Roma medeniyetinin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 da ahl\u00e2ks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sebebiyle olmu\u015ftur. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, \u0130sl\u00e2miyeti g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fckleri yerlere, \u0130sl\u00e2miyetin gere\u011fi olan medeniyeti de ber\u00e2ber ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015flar, insanlar\u0131n\u0131n refah, huzur i\u00e7erisinde karde\u015f\u00e7e ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu medeniyetin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan sanat dal\u0131nda o b\u00f6lgelere yollar, k\u00f6pr\u00fcler, hamamlar, kervansaraylar, ib\u00e2deth\u00e2neler, \u00e7e\u015fmeler, su kanallar\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m sanat\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman milletlerin ortaya koydu\u011fu ortak bir sanatt\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2miyet, insan\u0131n d\u00fcny\u00e2 ve \u00e2hirette huzur i\u00e7inde ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 isterken ondaki g\u00fczellik duygular\u0131n\u0131 ve sanat mer\u00e2k\u0131n\u0131 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. \u0130sl\u00e2m sanatlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee, edebiyat, minyat\u00fcr, kitap s\u00fcsleme, tezhip, el sanatlar\u0131, h\u00fcsn-i hat, a\u011fa\u00e7 ve m\u00e2den sanatlar\u0131, \u00e7inicilik, kakma, oyma \u00e7ok ileri gitmi\u015ftir. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar her gittikleri yerlerde m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee eserler yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130spanya\u2019daki Kurtuba C\u00e2mii, i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda bulunan Mescid-i Aksa C\u00e2mii, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki S\u00fcleym\u00e2niye, Edirne\u2019deki Selimiye c\u00e2mileri \u0130sl\u00e2m m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee sanat\u0131n\u0131n bir \u015f\u00e2heseridir. \u0130sl\u00e2m sanat\u0131 Emev\u00eeler zam\u00e2n\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, Abb\u00e2s\u00ee, F\u00e2tim\u00ee, Eyy\u00fbb\u00ee, Meml\u00fbk, Sel\u00e7uklu \u015feklinde geli\u015ferek nih\u00e2yet Osmanl\u0131l\u0131n do\u011fu sanatlar\u0131yle bat\u0131 sanatlar\u0131n\u0131 sentez etmesiyle y\u00fcksek ve geni\u015f kubbeli direksiz c\u00e2miler, y\u00fcksek kemerli k\u00f6pr\u00fclerle zirveye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc modern m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee sanat\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee sanat\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnek alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee sanat\u0131na paralel olarak Hindistan-T\u00fcrk m\u00eem\u00e2r\u00ee sanatlar\u0131 da \u00e7ok ileri gitmi\u015ftir. \u015eah Cihan\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ta\u00e7 Mahal, bu eserlerin en muhte\u015femidir. \u0130sl\u00e2m d\u00fcny\u00e2s\u0131nda yeti\u015fen \u00e2limler de, bir\u00e7ok ilmin kurulmas\u0131na \u00f6nderlik yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130m\u00e2m-\u0131 \u015e\u00e2fi\u00ee hukuk us\u00fbl\u00fcn\u00fcn, \u0130m\u00e2m-\u0131 Muhammed devletler huk\u00fbkunun, \u0130bn-i Hald\u00fbn t\u00e2rih sosyolojisinin, \u0130bn-i Heysem fizik ve optik k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n, Harezm\u00ee cebirin, Cezeri siberneti\u011fin temellerini atm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Yine yeti\u015fen binlerce \u00e2limin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131z kitaplar, as\u0131rlarca ilim \u00e2lemine \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutmu\u015f medeniyetin y\u00fckselmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015f hatt\u00e2 Avrupa bunlara s\u00e2hip \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve kendi adamlar\u0131na m\u00e2letmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

S\u00f6zc\u00fck anlam\u0131yla uygarl\u0131k (medeniyet), \u201cbir ulusun, bir toplumun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn ve sanat ya\u015fam\u0131yla eri\u015fti\u011fi d\u00fczey, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131klar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc.\u201d olarak ifade edilmektedir.
\nBilindi\u011fi gibi uygarl\u0131k anlam\u0131nda Bat\u0131 Avrupa dillerinde kullan\u0131lan s\u00f6zc\u00fck civilisat\u0131on, do\u011fu \u0130slam d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda ise medeniyettir.
\nYunan Mitolojisinde Prometheus, tanr\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 bir silah olarak kullans\u0131nlar diye ate\u015fi insanlara arma\u011fan etmi\u015fti. \u0130nsanlar da bu tanr\u0131sal g\u00fcc\u00fc, Prometheus\u2019un \u00f6c\u00fcn\u00fc almada, yani insan\u0131 k\u00f6le durumuna d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcren ba\u011flardan kurtarmada, akl\u0131n \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131yla do\u011fay\u0131 yenmede, yeniyi, sonsuz yeniyi aramada kulland\u0131lar, kullan\u0131yorlar da. Bu ba\u011flamda, her yarat\u0131c\u0131 insan bir ate\u015f yak\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Konf\u00fc\u00e7y\u00fcs, \u0130sa, Solon, Muhammet, Copernicus, Newton, Ganhi, Darwin, Einstein, Freud, Marx birer ate\u015f yak\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r \u00f6rne\u011fin.
\nHer ate\u015f yak\u0131c\u0131, kendinden sonraki yarat\u0131c\u0131 at\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 ve atlama tahtas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. \u0130sa Platondan, R\u00f6nesans d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrleri ise Eski Yunan\u2019dan, Roma\u2019dan ve \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten \u201cate\u015f\u201d alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Uygarl\u0131k, d\u00fcnya yuvarla\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u015furas\u0131nda, buras\u0131nda, zaman zaman yak\u0131lan ate\u015flerin, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00f6tesinde, birbirine eklenen alevleriyle beslenip geli\u015fmi\u015f ve geli\u015fmektedir. Ancak, hi\u00e7bir ate\u015f ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131n s\u0131nav\u0131na dayanamam\u0131\u015f, er ge\u00e7 s\u00f6n\u00fcp ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp giden nice uygarl\u0131klar ve dinler bunun tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Her s\u00f6nen ate\u015fin ilerisinde ve ufkunda ba\u015fka ate\u015fler yan\u0131p insanl\u0131\u011fa yeni geli\u015fme olanaklar\u0131, yeni mutluluk yollar\u0131 getirmeseydi, d\u00fcnyam\u0131z birbirine sadece i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerini, biyolojik \u00f6zelliklerini ge\u00e7iren hayvanlardan farks\u0131z g\u00fcd\u00fck bir insan soyunun korkun\u00e7 kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ta\u015fard\u0131 \u00e7oktan.
\nUygarl\u0131k denilince, birbirinden iki farkl\u0131 kavram anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r: Bir anlam\u0131yla uygarl\u0131k, barbarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 olan durumu anlatmakta olup, bu anlamda \u201cuygar toplum\u201d denilince, \u201cgeli\u015fme yolunda hayli ilerlemi\u015f, ideal \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclere hayli yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bir topluluk\u201d anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\nBir ba\u015fka anlam\u0131yla ise uygarl\u0131k, \u201cbir toplumu ba\u015fka toplumlardan ay\u0131ran, onun \u00f6zg\u00fcn yan\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyan, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imlerinin, kullan\u0131lan alet ve teknolojinin, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bi\u00e7im ve y\u00f6ntemlerinin, inan\u00e7lar\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnsel ve sanatsal faaliyetlerin, siyasal ve sosyal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d
\nUygarl\u0131k; antropolojik olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u201cBir toplumun ya da toplumlar\u0131n birikimli k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u201d olarak ifade edilebilir. Buradan da g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere uygarl\u0131k; ya\u015fam\u0131, adeta hi\u00e7bir unsurunu d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rakmamacas\u0131na tamamen \u00f6rten bir kavram, bir ya\u015fam \u00f6zelli\u011fidir.
\nHer toplum kendi do\u011fal uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re; uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 birbirleri ile mukayese etmek ve hangisinin daha \u00fcst\u00fcn oldu\u011funa karar vermek, bir botanik ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n inceledi\u011fi bitki t\u00fcrlerini g\u00fczel, \u00e7irkin diye ay\u0131rmas\u0131 kadar anlams\u0131zd\u0131r.
\nUygarl\u0131k, bir toplumun kendi mayas\u0131n\u0131, benlik ve kimli\u011fini kaybetmeden, di\u011fer uluslar\u0131n da mayalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek, anlamak ve kullanmak u\u011fra\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. Bir toplum, d\u00fcnyada tek ba\u015f\u0131na ya\u015fayamaz. Di\u011fer toplumlarla al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015f yapmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu al\u0131\u015f-veri\u015f, yaln\u0131z ticari ve s\u0131nai alanda da kalamaz. Toplumlar d\u00fcnyada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015fayabilmek i\u00e7in, ticaret yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na oldu\u011fu kadar, uygarl\u0131k yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na da kat\u0131lmak zorundad\u0131rlar. D\u00fcnya toplulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde, bir toplumun mayas\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeden ve \u00f6zerk olarak ya\u015fayabilmesi de, di\u011fer toplumlar\u0131n “maya”lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmeyi ve bilmeyi gerektirir.
\nUygarl\u0131k, d\u00fcnya toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n genel mal\u0131d\u0131r. Uygarl\u0131k, mayalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik insan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde edindikleri evrensel bilgilerinin d\u00fczenli yoldan ilerletilmesi, inceltilmesi, ve payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsan beyni, g\u00f6vdenin adaleleri gibi olup, belirli bir e\u011fitimden ge\u00e7mezler ise, geli\u015femezler. Japon \u00f6rne\u011fi, benli\u011fini kaybetmeden bir toplumun \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f uygarl\u0131\u011fa yaln\u0131z ayak uydurmas\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00f6nderlerinden biri olabilmesinin \u00f6rne\u011fini vermi\u015f ve yolunu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. \u0130ngilizler, \u00e7i\u00e7ek hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131y\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u2019lerden 18’nci Y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6\u011frenerek, geli\u015ftirmi\u015f ve b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131 haline getirmi\u015flerdir. Bunun gibi, domates, hindi patates, m\u0131s\u0131r gibi yiyecek maddeleri (ve t\u00fct\u00fcn), Kuzey Amerika k\u0131tas\u0131ndan 1491 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer toplumlar\u0131n mayalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmek yolu ile, bir toplum uluslararas\u0131 ortamda sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fama ve y\u00fccelme yar\u0131\u015f\u0131na kat\u0131labilir. ABD toplumu, yo\u011furt mayas\u0131n\u0131 ve yo\u011furdu g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden ortalama yirmi y\u0131l \u00f6nce (ticari tan\u0131tma yolu ile) \u00f6\u011frenip, severek g\u00fcndelik g\u0131da maddeleri aras\u0131na katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yoldan da, ABD toplumu sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve besleyici bir yiyecek maddesine kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Ancak, bu durum, ABD toplumunu T\u00fcrk’e \u00e7evirmemi\u015ftir. Japonya, elektronik bilimini ikinci d\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131 Bat\u0131 Avrupa ve ABD’den \u00f6\u011frenerek, bu sanayi dal\u0131nda d\u00fcnya \u00f6nderi olmu\u015ftur. Ama, kendi mayas\u0131n\u0131, benli\u011fini kaybetmemi\u015f, d\u00fcnya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ad\u0131m uydurmakla, Japon toplumu Amerikal\u0131 ya da Avrupal\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapan nelerdir?
\nUygarl\u0131klarne denli \u00e7ok olursa olsun, her insan toplulu\u011fu da uygarl\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7maz. Bir toplulu\u011fun uygarl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131na vard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilmek i\u00e7in, kendinde baz\u0131 ko\u015ful ve nitelikleri toplam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Nedir o ko\u015fullar ve nitelikler?
\nHer uygarl\u0131k, belli bir iktisadi yap\u0131n\u0131n bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi bir de\u011ferler sistemidir.Bu uygarl\u0131\u011fa, kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir nitelik kazand\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli etmen \u201ciktisadi yap\u0131\u201d d\u0131r. \u0130ktisadi yap\u0131, insanlar\u0131n \u201cdo\u011fa\u201d ile m\u00fccadelesini ve o m\u00fccadelenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 ili\u015fkileri i\u00e7ine al\u0131r. \u0130\u015fte insanlar\u0131n \u00fcretim faaliyetlerinde kulland\u0131klar\u0131 maddesel ara\u00e7lar ve teknik, bu \u00fcretim faaliyetinin do\u011furdu\u011fu ili\u015fkiler, giderek b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 kapsayan\u201d\u00fcretim bi\u00e7imi\u201d, uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynamakta ve giderek uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n \u201ctemel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.
\nNe var ki, bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan yaln\u0131zca bu olmay\u0131p, ayn\u0131 zamanda temel yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerine kurulan,-bir yerde onun bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi, onu yans\u0131tan-bir \u201cde\u011ferler sistemi\u201ddir. Bu sistem de, siyasal ve hukuksal kurumlar, din, ahlak, felsefe, edebiyat, sanat, \u00f6zetle bir \u201ck\u00fclt\u00fcr\u201d\u00fc olu\u015fturan b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00f6\u011feleri i\u00e7ermektedir.
\nBunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra din, tek ba\u015f\u0131na bir uygarl\u0131k yaratamaz ama, uygarl\u0131klarda \u00f6nemli rollerden birini oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ger\u00e7ektir. Frans\u0131z tarih\u00e7isi Fustel de Coulanges antik toplumu din ile a\u00e7\u0131klamaya kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u201c\u0130srail\u2019in eski tarihi, kutsal bir tarihtir\u201d derken, dinin o uygarl\u0131kta ger\u00e7ekten oynad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc belirtmek istemi\u015ftir asl\u0131nda. Modern \u00e7a\u011fda, Bat\u0131\u2019da, a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gitgide artan bir \u201claikle\u015fme\u201d olay\u0131 o uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n niteliklerinden biri olagelmi\u015ftir. Ama her \u015feye kar\u015f\u0131n, bu g\u00fcn bile, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u0130talya\u2019da Katolikli\u011fin, \u0130ngiltere\u2019de, ABD.\u2019 de ise Protestanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmadan, o toplumlar\u0131n baz\u0131 olaylar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131z kal\u0131r.
\nM\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelerde, uygarl\u0131k, hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle, asl\u0131nda bir dinin, \u0130slaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n damgas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131yor mu? Bu \u00fclkelerde uygarl\u0131k, bu g\u00fcn de bir \u0130slam uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.
\nUygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturan di\u011fer \u00f6nemli etmen de, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat ya\u015fam ve faaliyetleridir. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat ya\u015fam ve faaliyetlerinin bi\u00e7imi ve i\u00e7eri\u011fi, uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 bir birinden ay\u0131rmada \u00e7ok kez en ba\u015fta gelen \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerden biri olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Uygarl\u0131klar aras\u0131 etkiler ve uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n evrimi
\nUygarl\u0131k (medeniyet), evrensel k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn temel kayna\u011f\u0131 olup, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc temsil eder ve alt k\u00fclt\u00fcrler taraf\u0131ndan eri\u015filmesi gereken bir hedefi de belirler.
\nHi\u00e7 bir uygarl\u0131k homojen (t\u00fcrde\u015f) de\u011fildir. Bir uygarl\u0131k, ba\u015fka uygarl\u0131k ya da uygarl\u0131klarla mutlaka ili\u015fki i\u00e7indedir. B\u00f6yle bir ili\u015fki do\u011far do\u011fmaz da, o uygarl\u0131k de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flar. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihi, uygarl\u0131klar aras\u0131ndaki bu t\u00fcr ili\u015fkiler ve onlar\u0131n sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin tarihidir bir yerde.
\n\u0130lk \u00c7a\u011fda Asurlular, Babil uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kondular. Roma uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da asl\u0131nda Yunan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir yeti\u015ftirmesidir. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferlerinde de kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan yaln\u0131zca ordular de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda iki ayr\u0131 uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, \u0130slam Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile H\u0131ristiyan Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir birlerini etkilemesi ve etkile\u015fim s\u00f6z konusu idi. Ve bu kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n Bat\u0131 Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fu\u015fundaki pay\u0131n\u0131 kim yads\u0131yabilir ki?
\nHer canl\u0131 varl\u0131k gibi, uygarl\u0131klar da \u00f6lmektedir. \u0130bni Haldun ve Vico Spengler, k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin organizmalar gibi do\u011fup, b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp geli\u015ftiklerini ve sonunda \u00f6ld\u00fcklerini belirtirler. Do\u011fma, b\u00fcy\u00fcme, geli\u015fme ve \u00f6l\u00fcm, t\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin zorunlu olarak ge\u00e7irdikleri a\u015famalard\u0131r, ortak yazg\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r ve hi\u00e7bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr bu d\u00f6ng\u00fcsellikten kurtulamaz. K\u00fclt\u00fcrler farkl\u0131 olabilirler; hatt\u00e2 onlar\u0131 belli tipler alt\u0131nda grupland\u0131rmak da olanakl\u0131d\u0131r (Spengler’de 8, Toynbee’de 24 k\u00fclt\u00fcr tipi s\u0131ralan\u0131r); ama her biri kendi i\u00e7lerinde yukar\u0131daki a\u015famalar\u0131 ya\u015farlar ve son a\u015fama olarak \u00f6l\u00fcrler. Tarihin karanl\u0131k sayfalar\u0131nda b\u00f6yle g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp gitmi\u015f nice uygarl\u0131klar\u0131 hat\u0131rlayal\u0131m. B\u00fcy\u00fck Frans\u0131z \u015fairi ve yazar\u0131 Paul Valery, uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7e\u011fini 1.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131n\u0131n sonunda s\u00f6yledi\u011fi \u015fu \u00f6zl\u00fc s\u00f6zlerle bir kez daha dile getirir: \u201cBiz uygarl\u0131klar, art\u0131k \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fumuzu biliyoruz.\u201d Ama nas\u0131l bir \u00f6l\u00fcmd\u00fcr bu? Y\u00fczy\u0131llar ve biny\u0131llar s\u00fcresince, \u00e7e\u015fitli uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n, kire\u00e7li topraklardaki kaynaklar gibi uzun s\u00fcre kaybolduktan sonra\u2013bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde- yeniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. \u00d6rne\u011fin tarih\u00e7iler, \u201cKelt uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201dn\u0131n h\u00e2l\u00e2 ya\u015fayan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na rastl\u0131yorlar.
\nSiyasal kopu\u015flar, b\u00fcy\u00fck felaketler ve kesiklikler \u00f6tesinde, uygarl\u0131klar, zamanda ve mek\u00e2nda,-bir y\u0131\u011f\u0131n etki ve tepki ile-varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrler: \u00d6rne\u011fin, Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da, R\u00f6nesans ad\u0131 verilen \u201cuyan\u0131\u015f\u201d, uzun s\u00fcre \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f bilinen bir uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, Yunan ve Roma uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tekrar ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildir. Ger\u00e7i 15.ve 16.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda bir Yunan ve Roma uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemez: O y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Avrupa\u2019daki uygarl\u0131k bir \u0130talyan uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r, bir Frans\u0131z, bir \u0130ngiliz, bir \u0130spanyol … uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ama yine de antik kaynaklardan beslenmektedir b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar. Bunun gibi, yeralt\u0131 g\u00f6m\u00fctleri zaman\u0131ndaki H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, bir 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, ya da bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131kla benze\u015fmedi\u011fini de s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.
\n\u00c7a\u011fda\u015f \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7isi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrolo\u011fu Arnold Toynbee (1889-1975), \u201cUygarl\u0131ktan ne anl\u0131yoruz?\u201d sorusunu; \u201cUygarl\u0131ktan insan toplumlar\u0131n\u0131n, Bat\u0131, \u0130slam, Uzakdo\u011fu ve Hint Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 diye s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 anl\u0131yoruz. Bu isimler akl\u0131m\u0131za din, mimari, \u00fcslup ve gelenek a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 \u015feyler \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r\u201d diyerek cevaplamaktad\u0131r. Toynbee, tarihte devletlerden \u00e7ok, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihindeki ilk uygarl\u0131k olan S\u00fcmerler\u2019den bu yana yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde yirmi bir uygarl\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan sadece be\u015fi g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.
\nToynbee, \u201cTarihin \u0130rdelenmesi\u201d adl\u0131 ba\u015fyap\u0131t\u0131nda, uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015fme ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131nda, \u0131rk ya da co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar\u0131n rol oynamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunur. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaratan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u0131rklar de\u011fildir, insanlar\u0131 yaratan b\u00fcy\u00fck uygarl\u0131klard\u0131r.
\nToynbee; \u201cuygarl\u0131klar\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde rol oynayan temel etmenin, bir toplumun kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlara verdi\u011fi cevap, daha do\u011frusu, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunla ona verilen kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki diyalektik ili\u015fki oldu\u011funu\u201d ileri s\u00fcrer. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u00e7evre ko\u015fullar\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, toplumun \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar b\u00fcy\u00fcy\u00fcp, onlar\u0131 alt etmek i\u00e7in verilen m\u00fccadele yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131k\u00e7a, toplum daha ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir uygarl\u0131k kurar. Bunun en iyi \u00f6rne\u011fi Afrika\u2019 da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, do\u011fan\u0131n zengin ve ya\u015fam\u0131n kolay oldu\u011fu tropikal b\u00f6lgelerde de\u011fil de, Nil deltas\u0131ndaki batakl\u0131k ve ormanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015fip, ormanlar\u0131 temizleyip, batakl\u0131klar\u0131 kurutarak, sulama kanallar\u0131 a\u00e7an eski M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. Bunun gibi, \u00c7in\u2019de de ilk uygarl\u0131k verimli topraklarda de\u011fil, Sar\u0131 Irmak\u2019\u0131n batakl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Avrupa\u2019da kuzeye do\u011fru iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131 sertle\u015ftik\u00e7e kurulan uygarl\u0131klar daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Toynbee g\u00f6zlemlerinde; Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir dizi beylik aras\u0131nda, sadece Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devlet kurabilmelerini, bu beyli\u011fin Bizans s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda olmas\u0131na ve s\u00fcrekli m\u00fccadele etmek zorunda olmalar\u0131na ba\u011flar.
\nD\u0131\u015f tehlikenin b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, i\u00e7 dinamizmini zaman\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re yarat\u0131c\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kanalize etmeyi ba\u015faran toplumlar\u0131 sarsmaz, aksine onlar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesine yol a\u00e7ar.
\nD\u0131\u015f tehlike, hatta askeri yenilgiler bile, devletleri y\u0131kamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n yok olmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni i\u00e7eriden kaynaklan\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini \u00e7\u00f6zemeyen, kendilerini yenilemeyen, dinamizmlerini yarat\u0131c\u0131 yollara kanalize edemeyen, maddi \u00fcretimin temelini olu\u015fturan fikirsel \u00fcretim ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyen toplumlar \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcp, da\u011f\u0131lmaktan kurtulamazlar. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Bizans\u2019\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131 da Avrupa y\u0131kmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kendi i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini \u00e7\u00f6zemeyen bu toplumlar, zaten can \u00e7eki\u015fme s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015flerdi. Ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n temel nedeni, bat\u0131 emperyalizmi ya da ABD ile silahlanma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fil, bu \u00fclkenin \u00e7eli\u015fkilerini \u00e7\u00f6zememi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.
\n\u00c7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerinden biri olan Levi-Strauss, \u201cilkel\u201d toplum ile \u201cuygar\u201d toplum aras\u0131nda bir ilerilik ya da gerilik ayr\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemeyece\u011fini ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Ona g\u00f6re, \u201cilkel insanlar, en az bizim kadar uygard\u0131rlar; de\u011fi\u015fiklik, her iki uygarl\u0131ktaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin birbirinden farkl\u0131 semboller sistemiyle dile getirilmesinedir.\u201d Montaigne\u2019nin dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cAkl\u0131n kurallar\u0131na uyarak barbar diyebiliriz yamyamlara ama bize benzemiyorlar diye barbar diyemeyiz.\u201d<\/p>\n

Kaynak:\u00a0http:\/\/www.soyle.org\/showthread.php\/41373-Uygarl%C4%B1k-veya-Medeniyet-Nedir<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Uygarl\u0131k veya medeniyet, bir \u00fclke veya toplumun veya di\u011fer zeki canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerinin, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, sanat, bilim, teknoloji \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder. Uygar kelimesi, yerle\u015fik hayata ilk ge\u00e7en T\u00fcrk kavimi olan Uygurlardan gelmektedir. Medeniyet ve uygarl\u0131k kavramlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011funlukla ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131lmakla birlikte, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha geni\u015f bir anlam ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Medeniyetin, belirli […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-299","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel","category-turk-dunyasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=299"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":302,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/299\/revisions\/302"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=299"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=299"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=299"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}