{"id":1,"date":"2013-04-10T14:38:31","date_gmt":"2013-04-10T11:38:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=1"},"modified":"2013-04-25T17:57:42","modified_gmt":"2013-04-25T14:57:42","slug":"merhaba-dunya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/?p=1","title":{"rendered":"UYGUR DEVLET\u0130 (745-840)"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"bilge-k\u00fcl-ka\u011fan\"<\/a><\/p>\n

UYGUR DEVLET\u0130 (745-840)<\/p>\n

Kurucusu: Kutluk Bilge K\u00fcl Ka\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r.
\nBa\u015fkenti: Karabalgasun\u2019dur.
\nH\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131:<\/p>\n

* Kutluk Bilge K\u00fcl Ka\u011fan
\n* Moyen- \u00c7or Ka\u011fan
\n* B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

En eski T\u00fcrk devletlerinden biri olan Uygurlar Kutlu\u011f K\u00fcl Bilge Ka\u011fan taraf\u0131ndan 745 te kurulmu\u015f,dahili kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ,manihaizimin ,tesirleri ,K\u0131rg\u0131zlar’\u0131n istilas\u0131 ile 840 ta y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nOrta\u00e7a\u011f da geli\u015fmi\u015f bir uygarl\u0131k kuran Uygurlar ,\u00f6nceleri Kuzey Mo\u011folistan’da ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131.Hun \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra G\u00f6kt\u00fcrkler’in buyru\u011fu alt\u0131na girdiler.Daha sonra da onlara kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanarak 740 ta ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devlet kurdular.\u00d6teki T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131 egemenlikleri alt\u0131na alarak g\u00fc\u00e7lendiler.Uygurlar \u00c7inliler le de ili\u015fki kurdular.lX.yy.\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda Tibetliler le K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frayarak y\u0131k\u0131lan Uygur Devleti ortadan kalk\u0131nca ,Uygurlar Bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek (840) k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck,da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k devletler kurdular.Sonunda b\u00fct\u00fcn Uygurlar , Cengizhan zaman\u0131nda Mo\u011follar\u0131n egemenlikleri alt\u0131na girdiler.B\u00f6ylece son Uygur devleti de ortadan kalkt\u0131 (1212).O zamandan beri bir daha ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olamayan Uygurlar , bug\u00fcn \u00c7in’in kuzey bat\u0131s\u0131nda ,\u00c7in egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar.
\nUygurlar Yenisey kaynaklar\u0131,\u00c7u-Talas havalisi ,\u0130\u00e7 Asya ve Kerulen’a kadar olan sahaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nUygurlar sanat,yap\u0131,y\u00f6netim i\u015flerinde ileri bir uygarl\u0131kt\u0131lar.14 harfli bir alfabe kullan\u0131rlard\u0131.Buddha dinine ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131lar.Uygur fikir adamlar\u0131 Arap\u00e7a ve Hint\u00e7e den \u00e7eviriler yapt\u0131lar.Uygurlardan kalan en \u00f6nemli yap\u0131t Yusuf Has Hacip’in “Kutadgu Bilig” (mutlu olma bilgisi ) adl\u0131 eserdir.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikleri<\/p>\n

* \u0130slamiyet\u2019ten \u00f6nceki T\u00fcrk devletinin aras\u0131nda ilk defa g\u00f6\u00e7ebe hayat tarz\u0131ndan yerle\u015fik hayata ge\u00e7erek tar\u0131m ve ticaret faaliyetleriyle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131lar.
\n* T\u00fcrk tarihinde ilk defa \u015fehir ve kasabalar kurarak, ilk T\u00fcrk mimari eserlerini meydana getirdiler.
\n* \u00c7inlilerle ili\u015fkileri sonucunda ka\u011f\u0131t ve matbaay\u0131 kulland\u0131lar.
\n* Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc Uygur Alfabesi\u2019ni kulland\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f Sebebi<\/p>\n

* 839 y\u0131l\u0131nda meydana gelen k\u0131tl\u0131k, a\u00e7l\u0131k, \u015fiddetli so\u011fuklar ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klarla devletin zay\u0131flamas\u0131
\n* devletin zay\u0131flamas\u0131ndan yararlanan K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rmalar\u0131
\n* 840 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131rg\u0131zlar taraf\u0131ndan y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131lar. Devleti y\u0131k\u0131lan Uygurlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlere g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek yerle\u015ftiler. Uygurlar, XII. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Mo\u011follar\u0131n egemenli\u011fine girdiler.<\/p>\n

\u201c Uygurlar, Mo\u011fol egemenli\u011finde ya\u015farken Araplarla \u00c7inliler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Talas Sava\u015f\u0131 (751)\u2019ndan sonra M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015flard\u0131r.\u201d
\n\u201c k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyet y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Mo\u011follar\u0131 etkileyen Uygurlar, Mo\u011follardan bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesini sa\u011flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Devlet – Saray hayat\u0131 :<\/p>\n

\u00c7a\u011f\u0131n en ileri ve ayd\u0131n \u00fclkesi idiler.Hanl\u0131\u011fa hukuki esaslara dayanan devlet tad\u0131 verdiler.hukuk devleti v\u00fccuda getirdiler.Yabanc\u0131 ellerde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk kolonileri i\u00e7in koruyucu kanunlar \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar.Devlet idaresinin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde memurlar ,vekiller ve \u00e7e\u015fitli mansuplar olu\u015fturdular.Saray hayat\u0131n\u0131 ,d\u00fczenli merasimleri tanzim ettiler.Han ve saray halk\u0131n\u0131n yakar\u0131c\u0131 sefirleri kar\u015f\u0131lama vazifeleri de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Fikir Hayat\u0131 :<\/p>\n

Y\u00fcksek seviyedendi.Uygur saraylar\u0131nda yerli yabanc\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler ,alimler,\u015fairler,sanatkarlar,nakka\u015flar,mu*****inas lar himaye g\u00f6rd\u00fc.M\u00fcrebbilerin ders verdikleri ,k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler kurduklar\u0131 \u00c7in gezgincilerince bildirilir.Uygur \u015fehzadesinin kopuz \u00e7ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ,manzum bir edebiyat\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131da unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r.
\nUygurlar lX.yy. dan beri yksek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr geli\u015fmesi gelene\u011fini kurdularXll.yydan itibaren Orta-Asya T\u00fcrk Mo\u011fol haklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr terbiyesini \u00fcstlendiler.
\nSon yar\u0131m as\u0131r i\u00e7inde Uygur Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 merkezi olan Ho\u00e7o ve \u0130dikut \u015fehri harebelerinde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda Budist,Manihey ve Hristiyan mabetlerinde \u00e7ok say\u0131da malzeme elde edildi.Malzemeler Uygur dili ve edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n azametini belirtmeye yeter.\u00c7o\u011fu da dinlerden yap\u0131lan terc\u00fcmelerdi.Az\u0131 orjinal olmak \u00fczere tabiata ,astronomiye ve edebiyat nevilerine ait terc\u00fcme vesikalar idi.Hatta Orjinali elde olmayan ,T\u00fcbet\u00e7e’den \u00e7evrilen Uygur h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131ndan birinin \u00e7evre memleketlerden bilgi edinmek amac\u0131yla gezen memurlar\u0131n bir seyahatnamesi de vard\u0131r.
\n\u00c7o\u011fu malzemeler \u00e7eviridir.Uygurca bu y\u00fczden Uygur dil ad\u0131n\u0131 da alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Uygurca’ya \u0130ran,Hind ,Sa\u011fa ,\u00c7in ,dillerinden kelimeler girdi.Bunlar daha sonra m\u00fcrebbi Uygurlar taraf\u0131ndan Mo\u011folca’ya da eklenmi\u015ftir.Tabiat\u0131yla Uyg\u0131urca’ya 1-Dini ve 2-Ticari m\u00fcnasebetler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla pek \u00e7ok kelime girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Uygurlar\u0131n Alfabeleri :<\/p>\n

Uygurlar muhtelif alfabeler kulland\u0131lar.Rum,Brahma,Tibet,S\u00fcryani,So\u011fa,Uygur,Ma ni alfabeleridir.
\nHind harleriyle Budizm dinine ait T\u00fcrk\u00e7e metinler Avrupal\u0131 bilginler taraf\u0131ndan bulunmu\u015ftur.629 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu hurufati terkle milli So\u011fa alfabesi Budist Uygurlarca kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.DAha sonra Mani dinin mensup olanlar Mani,Hristiyan Uygurlar da S\u00fcryani alfabesini kulland\u0131lar.
\nSo\u011fal alfabesini T\u00fcrkler ilkin Kara Balgasun abidesinde kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu abide 825-832 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar egemenlik s\u00fcren Uygur halk\u0131n\u0131n onuruna kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu harfler \u00f6nce Uygur hurufat\u0131 say\u0131ld\u0131.F.W.K. M\u00fcller ise So\u011fa alfabesi oldu\u011funu ortaya koymu\u015ftur.So\u011fa harfleri Uygu harflerinin bir e\u015fidir.So\u011fa alfabesinin olgunla\u015fmas\u0131 da Uygur hurufat\u0131d\u0131r.So\u011falar\u0131n ticari hayat\u0131 etkili olmu\u015ftur.
\nSo\u011fa harfleri 22 i\u015farettir.Arami alfabesine yak\u0131nd\u0131r.\u00dc\u00e7 i\u015faret de noktalama i\u015fareti olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r;belki So\u011fa alfabesinin kayna\u011f\u0131 Arami harfleridir.<\/p>\n

Uygur Harfleri<\/p>\n

Men\u015fei Arami >so\u011fa>Uygur alfabesi olan bu hurufat\u0131 Uygurlar ,m\u00fcstakil bir devlet olunca Vlll.yy.ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda kulland\u0131klar\u0131 birka\u00e7\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hepsi biti\u015fik yaz\u0131ld\u0131.G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk alfabesine g\u00f6re Uygur Alfabesi daha az i\u015faretlidir.Yar\u0131 sedal\u0131 sese tekab\u00fcl eden (y) nin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda 18 i\u015faret bulunur.
\nUygurca ‘da \u00fcnl\u00fcler i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7 i\u015faret ;\u00fcns\u00fczler i\u00e7in 15 i\u015faret kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nUygur harflerine ilk temas eden Xl.y\u00fczy\u0131lda KA\u015fgarl\u0131 MAhmut olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

UYGUR DEVLET\u0130 (745-840) Kurucusu: Kutluk Bilge K\u00fcl Ka\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r. Ba\u015fkenti: Karabalgasun\u2019dur. H\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131: * Kutluk Bilge K\u00fcl Ka\u011fan * Moyen- \u00c7or Ka\u011fan * B\u00f6g\u00fc Ka\u011fan\u2019d\u0131r. En eski T\u00fcrk devletlerinden biri olan Uygurlar Kutlu\u011f K\u00fcl Bilge Ka\u011fan taraf\u0131ndan 745 te kurulmu\u015f,dahili kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar ,manihaizimin ,tesirleri ,K\u0131rg\u0131zlar’\u0131n istilas\u0131 ile 840 ta y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Orta\u00e7a\u011f da geli\u015fmi\u015f bir uygarl\u0131k kuran Uygurlar ,\u00f6nceleri […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-genel","category-uygur-tarihi-ve-kulturu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":278,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1\/revisions\/278"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tr.uyghuracademy.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}